中美文化差異至尊總結(jié)版
科技英語(yǔ)091姚仁賢201*00364230
DifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericancultureAsaChinese,weallthinkthatChineseandAmericansaretotallydifferentpeople.Notonlythewaytheylookdifferent,butalsothedifferentcultures.So,whatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculture?
AsitisknownthatweChinahaveaveryverylonghistory,wehaveourselvestraditionalfestivalandcustom,suchastheSpringFestival,DragonBoatFestival,Mid-autumnFestivalandsoon.Inaddition,wehaveeourownwaytogetalongwithourfriendsteachersandparents.Atthesametime,Americansalsohavetheirownwaytoenjoylife.Forexample,theyarefondofholdingvariousofpartiesandactivitiesinpersonal,theylikechallengingandtryingnewthings,theyareopenandromantic.Theyareindependentandbrave,asfollowing,Iwillthesevenvitaldifferences.First,individualism
Usually,TheUnitedStatespeoplearequiteadvocateindividualism.Ontheopposite,weChinesealsoemphasizethestrengthofunitythanaperson.Astheoldsayingputsit“Threeheadsarebetterthanone”.Thisisaveryimportantandinfluentialrespectively,anypeoplecandoeverythingwithinthelaw.TheUnitedStatesisanextraordinaryplace科技英語(yǔ)091姚仁賢201*00364230
whereyouhaveabsolutelyfreedomwhichmakesalotoffamouspeople.Ofcourse,itcausemanyproblemsaswell.
Second,privacy
Americansusuallyveryrespectotherpeople"sprivacy.Friendisrarelyaskedotherpeopletoo"vital"issues,suchasage,salaryandmaritalstatus,andsoon.Talkaboutathirdpartyshallalsobealittlething.Theuninvitedvisitorswhichincludesparentsisneverwelcome.Theycanhavetheirsecret.While,wewillthinkitisunbelievableinchina.
Third,Paylittleattentiontoetiquette
Americansisindressingentertainment,.Themostimportantisthattheyareveryoptionalwhencommunicatewithotherpeople.Eveniffacedwithaelderpeopleorthehigherauthoritiesrespectivelyisnoexception.Therearemanyexamples,suchasagroupofstudentstoprofessor,andtheyoungergenerationvisitstheoldman"shousewhentheywillcallfirstnamedirectly.Itisobviousthattheythinkthattheyareallequal.Alltheabove,theytakeitforgranted.However,thesebehaviorsmustbethoughttoberudelyorirreverential.科技英語(yǔ)091姚仁賢201*00364230
Fourth,openanddirect
Americansarequiteopenanddirect,especiallyinprofessionaldiscussion.WecanoftenseethattheForeignbasketballcoachquarrelwiththerefereewhentheyhavedifferentopinionsinourBasketballgameonTV.Instead,ourOrientaltendsnottodirectconflict,buteuphemisticallythroughthestatusofrelativelyhightoinsertathirdone.
Fifth,independence
Americansdon’tusuallylikedependingonothers,andevenparents’helpwhichisalsothoughtunwillingtoaccept,butparentsalsoencouragechildrenlefthomeintheyearlyage.Andtheparentsletthemliveaindependentanddevelopmentlife.Onthecontrary,inourcountryyoungpeopleinthisrespectdevelopmoreslowly.Tobeindependentisgoodforthechildren,becausenoparentscanaccompanythechildrenforthewholelife.Itisthechildhimselfwhoisresponsibleforherownfate.Onlyanindependentpersoncanliveandsucceedinthisworld.
Sixth,competitionandcooperation
TheUnitedStatessocialdevelopmentdependsoncompetitionandcooperationasadrivingforce.Almosteveryadultremembers"Workhard,playhard"intheirheart.ItiscompetitionpromotetheAmerican’s科技英語(yǔ)091姚仁賢201*00364230
development.Competitionisacommonphenomenoninoursociallife.Wecompetewhenweplaygames,wetrytodobetterthanothersinourstudy,andthereisconstantcompetitionforjobs,fame,wealthandsoforth.Wecansaythat,inacertainsense,competitionisoneofthemotiveforcesofthedevelopmentofthesociety.
Whileadvocatingcompetition,theyalsovaluethecooperation.Inmodernsociety,cooperationisespeciallynecessarybecauseexceptforafewcraftsmenandartists,mostworkisfulfilledwithandthroughotherpeople.Inmanycases,wecannotachieveanythingifthereareonlycompetitionandnocooperation.
Seventh,dietculture
Americanattachtheimportanceonthenutrition,theychoosewhattheyeatwillbeverycareful.Theypreferfish,beefandfast-food.Beyondthat,Westernpeopledonothavemanyskillsforcooking,mostlytheyonlyboil,steamandbakethefood.Bytheway,westernpeopleareverygoodatmakingdesertandchocolate.Theycanmakeverygoodcakeandchocolate.Theyareverysweetbutit’ssortoffoodwhichmakeyoubecomefatquickly.
Besides,inAmericapeoplewillthinkyouonlyinvitedmebutit’snotyourresponsibilitytopayforme.Icanaffordit.Theywon’tbehappyifyoupayforthem.ButpeopleinChinawouldalwaysputdishesinto科技英語(yǔ)091姚仁賢201*00364230
customer’splatetoshowtheirhospitality,whileAmericanswillthinkitisnothealthybecauseyourchopstickshavebeenusedbyyou.InAmerica,peoplewillalwaysgivetipstowaiteraftertheyfinishedmealinarestaurantaswell.
Nearlytheendingofmyarticle,therearealsomanydifferencesbetweenChineseandAmerican.Butwiththedevelopmentofculturalcommunication,alongwiththestrengtheningofcommunication,Chinahasimportedvariouskindsofwesternfoodandfashion,knownasthe“KFC””McDonald”.Also,wecanseemoreandmoreChineseelements.Inaword,differentpeoplehavedifferentlivingway.Ithinkwewillbenefiteachotherinthefuture.
擴(kuò)展閱讀:中外文化比較總結(jié)
學(xué)院:礦業(yè)工程學(xué)院班級(jí):采礦一班姓名:康志朝學(xué)號(hào):201*14410106
中外文化之羅馬文化主要成就
十四世紀(jì)初,隨著資本主義生產(chǎn)方式的逐漸形成和發(fā)展,對(duì)科
學(xué)和藝術(shù)的需求也日益變得迫切和強(qiáng)烈。歐洲開始進(jìn)入了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代。文藝復(fù)興是繼古希臘羅馬文化繁榮之后的歐洲文化史上第二個(gè)高峰期。這個(gè)時(shí)期從14世紀(jì)至17世紀(jì)上半期為止,共歷時(shí)300多年。文藝復(fù)興以恢復(fù)希臘、羅馬古典文藝和學(xué)術(shù)為面孔,徹底動(dòng)搖了基督教會(huì)在歐洲的統(tǒng)治根基,導(dǎo)致了近代自然科學(xué)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展。
一古希臘羅馬文化的復(fù)興
希臘人創(chuàng)造的希臘文化具有超常的滲透力,她能夠超越時(shí)空的限制,隨揚(yáng)帆遠(yuǎn)航的船隊(duì)和羅馬人的軍團(tuán)傳播到亞平寧,傳播到萊茵河,傳播到巴克特里亞她又有無(wú)限的生命力,不時(shí)被后起的文明吸收、改造,從而成為人類共同和永恒的瑰寶。在意大利佛羅倫薩文化界里,“人文主義”也成為了向神學(xué)挑戰(zhàn)的武器。人文主義者們搬出了古希臘哲學(xué)家普羅塔哥拉斯的那句名言:“人是衡量一切事物的尺度”,主張尊重自然和人權(quán),反對(duì)禁欲主義;提倡科學(xué)和文化,反對(duì)迷信。他們把人從神的世界,拉回到現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的世界。他們頌揚(yáng)人、贊美人生和自然,崇尚科學(xué)和理性。在人文主義思想指引下,社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)都有了發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了近代現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)和藝術(shù)、以實(shí)驗(yàn)方法為基礎(chǔ)的近代自然科學(xué)、唯物主義新哲學(xué)、政治學(xué)、史學(xué)和教育學(xué)等,產(chǎn)生了一大批多才多藝、學(xué)識(shí)淵博的巨人。這些巨人高舉人文主義的旗幟,向封建專制主義和基督教神學(xué)統(tǒng)治發(fā)動(dòng)了猛烈進(jìn)攻,從而為人類文化史譜寫了新的篇章。
二、自然科學(xué)的解放
文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期是有利于大膽創(chuàng)新的思想活躍的時(shí)代。哥倫布、麥哲倫以及達(dá).伽馬的偉大地理發(fā)現(xiàn);達(dá).芬奇、米開朗基羅和拉斐爾的美術(shù)創(chuàng)新都完成于這個(gè)時(shí)代。中世紀(jì)的黑夜之后,科學(xué)以意想不到的力量一下子重新興起,并且以神奇的速度發(fā)展起來(lái)。其中,尤以哥白尼、布魯諾、伽利略、開普勒和牛頓等科學(xué)巨匠在天文學(xué)上的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)為代表和先鋒。
在哥白尼所處的時(shí)代,托勒密的“地心說(shuō)”在歐洲占統(tǒng)治地位。中世紀(jì)的教會(huì)把地心說(shuō)加以神化,用它來(lái)作為證明上帝存在的依據(jù)。哥白尼認(rèn)為托勒密由于沒(méi)有區(qū)別現(xiàn)象和本質(zhì),將假象視為了真實(shí)。由于感覺不到地球的自轉(zhuǎn),以致只感覺到太陽(yáng)每天從東方升起而在西方下落,這正象人們坐在大船上行駛時(shí),往往感覺不到船在動(dòng),而只見到岸上的東西在往后移動(dòng)一樣。于是,哥白尼提出了日心說(shuō)并發(fā)表了巨著《天體運(yùn)行論》。他勇敢地提出了太陽(yáng)是宇宙的中心,地球不是宇宙的中心,它只是圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的一顆普通行星。由于哥白尼受時(shí)代和階級(jí)的局限,還不能完全擺脫舊的傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響。他沿襲了古希臘唯心學(xué)派關(guān)于圓形是最完美的形狀的說(shuō)法,認(rèn)為行星繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的軌道是圓形的而且是勻速運(yùn)動(dòng)的?墒聦(shí)證明了行星繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的軌道是橢圓形的,而且是不等速的。哥白尼學(xué)說(shuō)的這些不完善之處,得到了布魯諾和開普勒的發(fā)展和完善。哥白尼“太陽(yáng)中心說(shuō)”的誕生,使天文學(xué)從宗教神學(xué)的束縛下解放出來(lái),自然科學(xué)從此獲得新生,這在近代科學(xué)的發(fā)展史上具有劃時(shí)代的意義。
希臘文明發(fā)祥于克里特一座相傳位于“世界中央”的小島。在這里,未來(lái)的雅典國(guó)王提修斯曾闖入迷宮斬下米諾斯牛恐怖的頭顱,成為希臘人崇拜的英雄。20世紀(jì)初這座迷宮被奇跡般的發(fā)掘出來(lái),爆出舉世震驚的新聞,現(xiàn)在當(dāng)人們面對(duì)塵封了幾千年的王宮廢墟,贊賞精美絕倫的壁畫和細(xì)致獨(dú)特的器物時(shí),不禁感嘆克里特應(yīng)該就是希臘文化的濫觴之地。
然而歷史的無(wú)情卻把克里特的輝煌一掃而光。野蠻代替了文明,剽悍的民風(fēng)、無(wú)窮的征戰(zhàn)、流淌的鮮血和掙扎的死亡,這是一個(gè)需要英雄而且確實(shí)出現(xiàn)了英雄的時(shí)代,他們灼人的功績(jī)呼喚后人敬仰。于是盲詩(shī)人荷馬重新點(diǎn)燃了希臘文化的火種,劃破漫長(zhǎng)的黑夜,他力著《伊里亞特》和《奧德賽》兩部史詩(shī),熱情謳歌萬(wàn)能的神靈與喋血的勇士,不管是神圣的雅典娜、波賽冬,還是凡間的阿基琉斯、赫克托,不管是希臘人還是特洛伊人,不管是勝者還是敗將,凡有英雄氣概之士均被這位令人尊敬的詩(shī)人弘揚(yáng)。后起的品達(dá)是一位僅次于荷馬的詩(shī)人,他才華橫溢,雄心勃勃。他把詩(shī)歌看作是傳播自身價(jià)值的工具,他曾莊嚴(yán)地向世界宣告:“我要用火焰般的詩(shī)歌點(diǎn)燃這座親愛的城市,讓它熊熊地燃燒。讓我的語(yǔ)言,傳播到世界的每一個(gè)角落,比奔馳中的駿馬,安裝了翅膀的航輪行進(jìn)得還要迅速。”品達(dá)的詩(shī)氣勢(shì)蓬勃,給人以無(wú)限的美感。
東羅馬帝國(guó)的主宰文化是希臘文化。希臘語(yǔ)不但是日常用語(yǔ),而且是教會(huì)、文學(xué)和商業(yè)的共同語(yǔ)言。對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí)的羅馬人來(lái)說(shuō),今天對(duì)“西部的拉丁帝國(guó)”和“東部的希臘帝國(guó)”的區(qū)分,以及今天所強(qiáng)調(diào)的東部的帝國(guó)并不是“真正”的羅馬帝國(guó),并不重要。羅馬帝國(guó)是一個(gè)多語(yǔ)言的帝國(guó),東羅馬并不例外。在這個(gè)國(guó)家里有希臘人、弗拉赫人、亞美尼亞人、猶太人、埃及人、敘利亞人、依利里亞人和斯拉夫人,他們都有自己的語(yǔ)言。但希臘文化從帝國(guó)的都市如君士坦丁堡、安條克、以弗所、塞薩洛尼基和亞歷山大傳向全國(guó)。雖然當(dāng)時(shí)還不很明顯,但東羅馬帝國(guó)在其學(xué)者如約翰桂索斯通的印象下發(fā)展了他們自己的風(fēng)格。
希臘人創(chuàng)造的希臘文化具有超常的滲透力,她能夠超越時(shí)空的限制,隨揚(yáng)帆遠(yuǎn)航的船隊(duì)和羅馬人的軍團(tuán)傳播到亞平寧,傳播到萊茵河,傳播到巴克特里亞她又有無(wú)限的生命力,不時(shí)被后起的文明吸收、改造,從而成為人類共同和永恒的瑰寶。
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