電子書庫 高中數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)知識(shí)總結(jié)
高中數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理
1..函數(shù)的單調(diào)性
(1)設(shè)x1x2a,b,x1x2那么
f(x1)f(x2)0f(x)在a,b上是增函數(shù);
x1x2f(x1)f(x2)0f(x)在a,b上是減函數(shù).(x1x2)f(x1)f(x2)0x1x2(2)設(shè)函數(shù)yf(x)在某個(gè)區(qū)間內(nèi)可導(dǎo),如果f(x)0,則f(x)為增函數(shù);如果f(x)0,則f(x)為減函數(shù).
注:如果函數(shù)f(x)和g(x)都是減函數(shù),則在公共定義域內(nèi),和函數(shù)f(x)g(x)也是減函數(shù);如果函數(shù)yf(u)和ug(x)在其對(duì)應(yīng)的定義域上都是減函數(shù),則復(fù)合函數(shù)yf[g(x)]是增函數(shù).
(x1x2)f(x1)f(x2)02.奇偶函數(shù)的圖象特征
奇函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱,偶函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱;反過來,如果一個(gè)函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱,那么這個(gè)函數(shù)是奇函數(shù);如果一個(gè)函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱,那么這個(gè)函數(shù)是偶函數(shù).
注:若函數(shù)yf(x)是偶函數(shù),則f(xa)f(xa);若函數(shù)yf(xa)是偶函數(shù),則f(xa)f(xa).
注:對(duì)于函數(shù)yf(x)(xR),f(xa)f(bx)恒成立,則函數(shù)f(x)的對(duì)稱軸是函數(shù)xabab;兩個(gè)函數(shù)yf(xa)與yf(bx)的圖象關(guān)于直線x對(duì)稱.22a注:若f(x)f(xa),則函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于點(diǎn)(,0)對(duì)稱;若
2f(x)f(xa),則函數(shù)yf(x)為周期為2a的周期函數(shù).
3.多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)anxnan1xn1a0的奇偶性
多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)是奇函數(shù)P(x)的偶次項(xiàng)(即奇數(shù)項(xiàng))的系數(shù)全為零.多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)是偶函數(shù)P(x)的奇次項(xiàng)(即偶數(shù)項(xiàng))的系數(shù)全為零.23.函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象的對(duì)稱性
(1)函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線xa對(duì)稱f(ax)f(ax)
f(2ax)f(x).
(2)函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線xab對(duì)稱f(amx)f(bmx)2f(abmx)f(mx).
4.兩個(gè)函數(shù)圖象的對(duì)稱性
(1)函數(shù)yf(x)與函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線x0(即y軸)對(duì)稱.(2)函數(shù)yf(mxa)與函數(shù)yf(bmx)的圖象關(guān)于直線x(3)函數(shù)yf(x)和yf1ab對(duì)稱.2m(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線y=x對(duì)稱.
25.若將函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象右移a、上移b個(gè)單位,得到函數(shù)yf(xa)b的圖象;若將曲線f(x,y)0的圖象右移a、上移b個(gè)單位,得到曲線f(xa,yb)0的圖象.
5.互為反函數(shù)的兩個(gè)函數(shù)的關(guān)系
f(a)bf1(b)a.
27.若函數(shù)yf(kxb)存在反函數(shù),則其反函數(shù)為y1[fk1(x)b],并不是
y[f1(kxb),而函數(shù)y[f1(kxb)是y6.幾個(gè)常見的函數(shù)方程
1[f(x)b]的反函數(shù).k(1)正比例函數(shù)f(x)cx,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(1)c.(2)指數(shù)函數(shù)f(x)ax,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(1)a0.
(3)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)f(x)logax,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(a)1(a0,a1).
(4)冪函數(shù)f(x)x,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f"(1).
(5)余弦函數(shù)f(x)cosx,正弦函數(shù)g(x)sinx,f(xy)f(x)f(y)g(x)g(y),
f(0)1,limx0g(x)1.x7.幾個(gè)函數(shù)方程的周期(約定a>0)
(1)f(x)f(xa),則f(x)的周期T=a;(2)f(x)f(xa)0,
1(f(x)0),f(x)1或f(xa)(f(x)0),
f(x)12或f(x)f(x)f(xa),(f(x)0,1),則f(x)的周期T=2a;21(f(x)0),則f(x)的周期T=3a;(3)f(x)1f(xa)f(x1)f(x2)(4)f(x1x2)且f(a)1(f(x1)f(x2)1,0|x1x2|2a),則
1f(x1)f(x2)f(x)的周期T=4a;
(5)f(x)f(xa)f(x2a)f(x3a)f(x4a)
f(x)f(xa)f(x2a)f(x3a)f(x4a),則f(x)的周期T=5a;(6)f(xa)f(x)f(xa),則f(x)的周期T=6a.
或f(xa)8.分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪
(1)a(2)amn1nmnam1mn(a0,m,nN,且n1).(a0,m,nN,且n1).
a9.根式的性質(zhì)(1)(na)na.(2)當(dāng)n為奇數(shù)時(shí),nana;a,a0當(dāng)n為偶數(shù)時(shí),a|a|.
a,a0nn10.有理指數(shù)冪的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)
(1)arasars(a0,r,sQ).(2)(ar)sars(a0,r,sQ).
(3)(ab)rarbr(a0,b0,rQ).
p注:若a>0,p是一個(gè)無理數(shù),則a表示一個(gè)確定的實(shí)數(shù).上述有理指數(shù)冪的運(yùn)算性質(zhì),對(duì)于無理數(shù)指數(shù)冪都適用.
33.指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化式
logaNbabN(a0,a1,N0).
34.對(duì)數(shù)的換底公式
logmN(a0,且a1,m0,且m1,N0).
logmann推論logamblogab(a0,且a1,m,n0,且m1,n1,N0).
mlogaN11.對(duì)數(shù)的四則運(yùn)算法則
若a>0,a≠1,M>0,N>0,則(1)loga(MN)logaMlogaN;
MlogaMlogaN;N(3)logaMnnlogaM(nR).
(2)loga注:設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)logm(ax2bxc)(a0),記b4ac.若f(x)的定義域?yàn)?/p>
2R,則a0,且0;若f(x)的值域?yàn)镽,則a0,且0.對(duì)于a0的情形,需要
單獨(dú)檢驗(yàn).
12.對(duì)數(shù)換底不等式及其推論
1,則函數(shù)ylogax(bx)a11(1)當(dāng)ab時(shí),在(0,)和(,)上ylogax(bx)為增函數(shù).
aa11(2)(2)當(dāng)ab時(shí),在(0,)和(,)上ylogax(bx)為減函數(shù).
aa若a0,b0,x0,x推論:設(shè)nm1,p0,a0,且a1,則(1)logmp(np)logmn.(2)logamloganloga2mn.
擴(kuò)展閱讀:電子書庫_高中數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)知識(shí)總結(jié)
高中數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理
1..函數(shù)的單調(diào)性
(1)設(shè)x1x2a,b,x1x2那么
f(x1)f(x2)0f(x)在a,b上是增函數(shù);
x1x2f(x1)f(x2)(x1x2)f(x1)f(x2)00f(x)在a,b上是減函數(shù).
x1x2(2)設(shè)函數(shù)yf(x)在某個(gè)區(qū)間內(nèi)可導(dǎo),如果f(x)0,則f(x)為增函數(shù);如果f(x)0,則f(x)為減函數(shù).
注:如果函數(shù)f(x)和g(x)都是減函數(shù),則在公共定義域內(nèi),和函數(shù)f(x)g(x)也是減函數(shù);如果函數(shù)yf(u)和ug(x)在其對(duì)應(yīng)的定義域上都是減函數(shù),則復(fù)合函數(shù)yf[g(x)]是增函數(shù).
(x1x2)f(x1)f(x2)02.奇偶函數(shù)的圖象特征
奇函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱,偶函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱;反過來,如果一個(gè)函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱,那么這個(gè)函數(shù)是奇函數(shù);如果一個(gè)函數(shù)的圖象關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱,那么這個(gè)函數(shù)是偶函數(shù).
注:若函數(shù)yf(x)是偶函數(shù),則f(xa)f(xa);若函數(shù)yf(xa)是偶函數(shù),則f(xa)f(xa).
注:對(duì)于函數(shù)yf(x)(xR),f(xa)f(bx)恒成立,則函數(shù)f(x)的對(duì)稱軸是函數(shù)xabab;兩個(gè)函數(shù)yf(xa)與yf(bx)的圖象關(guān)于直線x對(duì)稱.22a注:若f(x)f(xa),則函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于點(diǎn)(,0)對(duì)稱;若
2f(x)f(xa),則函數(shù)yf(x)為周期為2a的周期函數(shù).
3.多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)anxan1xnn1a0的奇偶性
多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)是奇函數(shù)P(x)的偶次項(xiàng)(即奇數(shù)項(xiàng))的系數(shù)全為零.多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)P(x)是偶函數(shù)P(x)的奇次項(xiàng)(即偶數(shù)項(xiàng))的系數(shù)全為零.23.函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象的對(duì)稱性
(1)函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線xa對(duì)稱f(ax)f(ax)
f(2ax)f(x).
(2)函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線xab對(duì)稱f(amx)f(bmx)2f(abmx)f(mx).
4.兩個(gè)函數(shù)圖象的對(duì)稱性
(1)函數(shù)yf(x)與函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線x0(即y軸)對(duì)稱.(2)函數(shù)yf(mxa)與函數(shù)yf(bmx)的圖象關(guān)于直線x(3)函數(shù)yf(x)和yf1ab對(duì)稱.2m(x)的圖象關(guān)于直線y=x對(duì)稱.
25.若將函數(shù)yf(x)的圖象右移a、上移b個(gè)單位,得到函數(shù)yf(xa)b的圖象;若將曲線f(x,y)0的圖象右移a、上移b個(gè)單位,得到曲線f(xa,yb)0的圖象.
5.互為反函數(shù)的兩個(gè)函數(shù)的關(guān)系
f(a)bf1(b)a.
27.若函數(shù)yf(kxb)存在反函數(shù),則其反函數(shù)為y11[f(x)b],并不是k1y[f1(kxb),而函數(shù)y[f1(kxb)是y[f(x)b]的反函數(shù).
k6.幾個(gè)常見的函數(shù)方程
(1)正比例函數(shù)f(x)cx,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(1)c.(2)指數(shù)函數(shù)f(x)a,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(1)a0.
(3)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)f(x)logax,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(a)1(a0,a1).(4)冪函數(shù)f(x)x,f(xy)f(x)f(y),f(1).
(5)余弦函數(shù)f(x)cosx,正弦函數(shù)g(x)sinx,f(xy)f(x)f(y)g(x)g(y),
"xf(0)1,limx0g(x)1.x7.幾個(gè)函數(shù)方程的周期(約定a>0)
(1)f(x)f(xa),則f(x)的周期T=a;(2)f(x)f(xa)0,
1(f(x)0),f(x)1或f(xa)(f(x)0),
f(x)12或f(x)f(x)f(xa),(f(x)0,1),則f(x)的周期T=2a;21(f(x)0),則f(x)的周期T=3a;(3)f(x)1f(xa)f(x1)f(x2)(4)f(x1x2)且f(a)1(f(x1)f(x2)1,0|x1x2|2a),則
1f(x1)f(x2)f(x)的周期T=4a;
(5)f(x)f(xa)f(x2a)f(x3a)f(x4a)
f(x)f(xa)f(x2a)f(x3a)f(x4a),則f(x)的周期T=5a;(6)f(xa)f(x)f(xa),則f(x)的周期T=6a.
或f(xa)8.分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪
(1)a(2)amn1nmnam1mn(a0,m,nN,且n1).(a0,m,nN,且n1).
a9.根式的性質(zhì)n(1)(na)a.(2)當(dāng)n為奇數(shù)時(shí),aa;
nna,a0當(dāng)n為偶數(shù)時(shí),a|a|.
a,a0nn10.有理指數(shù)冪的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)
(1)aaarsrrsrs(a0,r,sQ).
(2)(a)a(a0,r,sQ).
(3)(ab)ab(a0,b0,rQ).
p注:若a>0,p是一個(gè)無理數(shù),則a表示一個(gè)確定的實(shí)數(shù).上述有理指數(shù)冪的運(yùn)算性質(zhì),對(duì)于無理數(shù)指數(shù)冪都適用.
33.指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化式
rrrslogaNbabN(a0,a1,N0).
34.對(duì)數(shù)的換底公式
logmN(a0,且a1,m0,且m1,N0).
logmann推論logamblogab(a0,且a1,m,n0,且m1,n1,N0).
mlogaN11.對(duì)數(shù)的四則運(yùn)算法則
若a>0,a≠1,M>0,N>0,則(1)loga(MN)logaMlogaN;
MlogaMlogaN;Nn(3)logaMnlogaM(nR).
(2)loga2注:設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)logm(axbxc)(a0),記b4ac.若f(x)的定義域?yàn)?/p>
2R,則a0,且0;若f(x)的值域?yàn)镽,則a0,且0.對(duì)于a0的情形,需要
單獨(dú)檢驗(yàn).
12.對(duì)數(shù)換底不等式及其推論
1,則函數(shù)ylogax(bx)a11(1)當(dāng)ab時(shí),在(0,)和(,)上ylogax(bx)為增函數(shù).
aa11(2)(2)當(dāng)ab時(shí),在(0,)和(,)上ylogax(bx)為減函數(shù).
aa若a0,b0,x0,x推論:設(shè)nm1,p0,a0,且a1,則(1)logmp(np)logmn.(2)logamloganloga2mn.
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