120通信調(diào)度的現(xiàn)狀和展望

120通信調(diào)度的現(xiàn)狀和展望

江蘇省醫(yī)院協(xié)會急救醫(yī)療中心（站）分會通信調(diào)度專業(yè)組

通信調(diào)度作為急救中心實施院前急救的三大部門之一，不僅要受理日常120電話、調(diào)度急救單元，還要負責完成與110應(yīng)急聯(lián)動、發(fā)布領(lǐng)導命令、監(jiān)控急救過程等諸多任務(wù)，長期以來，這種責任重節(jié)奏快壓力大的工作性質(zhì)，對調(diào)度員身心健康有較大的影響。今天，我們收集了省內(nèi)12家地市級急救中心通信調(diào)度方面資料，匯總后提交本次會議。

人才篇

目前，全省12個地級市急救中心共有調(diào)度人員110名，其中男41女69；35歲以下79名，35歲以上31名；大專以上學歷78名，占71.8%;在已知的82人中，具有醫(yī)療相關(guān)學歷44名，占53.7%，其他為計算機相關(guān)學歷20名，管理相關(guān)學歷11名，會計5名。各中心具體情況見下圖。

各中心調(diào)度人員平均年齡學歷分布圖5045403532.833.63025201*1050833930103693100097034.33125.430.229.731.127.446.640.232.9平均年齡大專以上醫(yī)療計算機733670631623321741南京無錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港

“思賢若渴，唯才是舉”，急救事業(yè)要發(fā)展，必須重視人才建設(shè)。在以青年為主的調(diào)度群體中，58.1%（64/110）是擁有醫(yī)療或計算機學歷的人才，他（她）們中包含120通信方面的專家、急救調(diào)度標兵且年齡多在35歲以下，是調(diào)度事業(yè)發(fā)展的人才基石，迫切需要各地各級領(lǐng)導關(guān)心培養(yǎng)和幫助。但我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)①調(diào)度人員學歷成份復雜多樣,不但有醫(yī)療計算機和管理類還有學工程及高中畢業(yè)，好像什么樣的人都可以做，從業(yè)人員沒有統(tǒng)一的準入標準造成人員思維特征社會能力參差不齊嚴重制約了事業(yè)的發(fā)展，望各地能像醫(yī)師駕駛一樣盡早制定一套從業(yè)人員準入門檻；②近1/2還沒有進入本單位事業(yè)編制，有些單位調(diào)度崗位一個也沒有正式工，試想一下讓臨時工單獨指揮調(diào)度萬一有重大失誤誰來承擔責任？我們建議在編制緊張的情況下，至少每班次安排一名正式工作為組長全面負責本班工作；③我們匯總了各地調(diào)度的考核和收入（見下表），發(fā)現(xiàn)待遇普遍比醫(yī)生駕駛員低，有些甚至接近當?shù)爻鞘凶畹凸べY標準，這成為留住人才最大障礙，望各單位能讓我們的收入向醫(yī)駕看齊；④如前述因為準入門檻低，調(diào)度就成為各種關(guān)系戶人員最多的崗位，有的只是一時找不到工作來過渡一下，這就為管理和人才培養(yǎng)埋下隱患。

城市南京無錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港考核收入方法平均獎金月固定工資+有效調(diào)度數(shù)*1+年限工資工資+獎金+中夜班費+有效電話的提成固定工資和平均獎金工資+按120接通率計算出的獎金底薪+提成工資加獎金工資+績效（系數(shù)0.5）+成功調(diào)度1元/趟人事部門審核固定工資基本工資+績效工資平均獎的75%收入均數(shù)150015001500100010001500310019001201*5001650201*調(diào)度篇

調(diào)度工作從專業(yè)層面上看常態(tài)下是120指揮中心，非常態(tài)下是緊急醫(yī)療救援指揮中心；從應(yīng)用層面上看承擔120受理、指揮調(diào)度、協(xié)調(diào)合作、信息匯集、通訊聯(lián)絡(luò)、監(jiān)測預警職責；從技術(shù)層面上看是信息平臺、指揮平臺、通訊平臺和管理平臺。這樣重要的工作職責就對調(diào)度自身提出了很高的要求，但我們通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)作為社會一份子的他（她）們卻承受了外界難以理解的壓力。這里選取各中心調(diào)度人均工作量（見下圖），對比發(fā)現(xiàn)南京無錫常州淮安徐州的各班次人均要接100次以上急救電話，派15次以上車，工作量比其他市大；抽樣調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)80%對現(xiàn)在工作滿意并想長期從事該工作，92%的認為調(diào)度工作應(yīng)該在急救鏈中處于中樞、龍頭角色；領(lǐng)導對調(diào)度工作的關(guān)心程度，卻有72%回答口頭上重視或不重視；100%對騷擾電話習以為常，精神壓力勝過體力勞累；對來自領(lǐng)導的壓力、一線出救人員的刁難感到困惑；對自己的付出和收入不成正比感到無奈。

各中心調(diào)度人均工作量1801601401201*0806040201*323010無錫160130157125110705530146常州75868060756.5鎮(zhèn)江115南通102.5揚州2042泰州136.5鹽城201*.5淮安17.51557.5連云港南京宿遷徐州人均接聽量人均派車數(shù)人均接騷擾電話數(shù)綜上所述，調(diào)度工作存在以下熱點難點問題：

（1）調(diào)度派車原則不明確，有些縣級120不堅持屬地急救轉(zhuǎn)送的原則，強調(diào)病人到上級醫(yī)院堅持要上級120派車的錯誤做法，這樣不僅耽誤時間又浪費上級120資源,建議全省制度一套統(tǒng)一的派車標準。

（2）領(lǐng)導要重視調(diào)度工作體諒調(diào)度的難處，構(gòu)建和諧的調(diào)醫(yī)駕關(guān)系。調(diào)度和醫(yī)駕在急救中處于指揮和被指揮關(guān)系，工作中我們時常會夾在病人和醫(yī)駕人員之間兩頭受氣，病人把緊張無助失控等不良情緒甚至是惡意，發(fā)泄到120調(diào)度身上，醫(yī)駕人員把在急救現(xiàn)場的困難疲勞委屈等負面情緒也轉(zhuǎn)嫁到調(diào)度人員上，因此，常常出現(xiàn)不聽指揮或派而不動，不匯報領(lǐng)導要批評，匯報后又說是打小報告。有些市出救的駕駛員醫(yī)生對外傷車禍獨有情中，怕調(diào)度派錯影響了自己利益，就處處盯著我們有錯就匯報，關(guān)系就比較僵化了。（3）調(diào)度值班人數(shù)少（見下圖），工作時間長，很少有時間學習充電，加上各市每年新建的道路新村又多，時間久就落伍了，呼吁按120電話平均日受理數(shù)量≥300次值班席位2人，300-600次3人，600-1000次4人的標準設(shè)置值班人數(shù)，多給他（她）們留些學習和自我減壓的時間，減輕個人勞動強度。

值班人數(shù)連云港,9徐州,7宿遷,8淮安,6鹽城,7泰州,4揚州,8南京,15無錫,9常州,10南通,7鎮(zhèn)江,8

（4）重視調(diào)度工作的法律問題和個人的心理健康。

系統(tǒng)篇

03年非典后各中心相繼投入重資建成了120指揮調(diào)度系統(tǒng)，其主要包括有線通訊，無線通訊，地理信息（GIS），衛(wèi)星定位（GPS），數(shù)字錄音，計算機輔助指揮調(diào)度等子系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)了120電話交換機從機電式向程控式轉(zhuǎn)變、人工受理人工通知向計算機輔助指揮調(diào)度轉(zhuǎn)變、單純接警派車向全程指揮監(jiān)控相關(guān)單位應(yīng)急聯(lián)動轉(zhuǎn)變。

作為單筆投入最多的信息化工程，從建設(shè)之初起就寄托了全120人的殷切希望，但建成投入使用后發(fā)現(xiàn)該系統(tǒng)存在很多不足，這種理想和現(xiàn)實的差距一度讓人們產(chǎn)生了困惑的心理，具體的管理和實施者也就承受了巨大壓力。所以，前期的調(diào)查中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大家談?wù)撟疃嗟木褪?20指揮調(diào)度系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)和維護，今列出幾個最關(guān)注問題論述如下：

（1）一把手負責，財務(wù)醫(yī)務(wù)車管后勤等部門全力配合。古往今來，指揮體系都是最高領(lǐng)導親手建設(shè)，這不僅能體現(xiàn)上級領(lǐng)導意志還可保證政令通暢。作為平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合的120指揮系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和維護必須要單位一把手親自管親自抓，從政治的高度出發(fā)，高瞻遠矚，實現(xiàn)指揮系統(tǒng)與管理之間的互動。

（2）多方籌措，保證資金充裕。根據(jù)單位財力發(fā)展適合本市規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)今社會沒有錢一紙空談，必須爭取當?shù)刎斦�局、衛(wèi)生局、信息辦的關(guān)心支持，多方籌措，循序漸進逐步完善和更新我們的軟硬件設(shè)備，但不要希望通過一次性的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)或產(chǎn)品的購買解決全部問題。

（3）本地化支撐體系建設(shè)，著名廠商指揮系統(tǒng)建設(shè)。按照我們的理解信息化是項體系工程，不只是局限在買設(shè)備、建網(wǎng)絡(luò)、按照用戶的要求進行程序開發(fā)的層面上來解決問題，只有在有效的支撐體系的保障下，展開包括120指揮系統(tǒng)、辦公自動化系統(tǒng)（OA）在內(nèi)的各項應(yīng)用建設(shè)�；仡櫢骷医ㄔO(shè)的經(jīng)驗，依據(jù)國家標準支撐體系包括基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境、機房強電及UPS、綜合布線、空調(diào)、氣體消防、防雷等，這些必須要本地化公司承建，甚至連基礎(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程也可選擇本地公司，否則維護（修）很困難。120指揮系統(tǒng)應(yīng)集中在北京安克、深圳中興和深圳天維爾等國內(nèi)著名且有十例以上成功案例的120系統(tǒng)建設(shè)廠商中選擇。

（4）維護。按照財政有關(guān)要求每年要安排建設(shè)總額的5-10%運行維護資金，其中不包含網(wǎng)絡(luò)租賃和設(shè)備更新。各家反映維護較多的是車載系統(tǒng)性能不穩(wěn)定維修不及時、地理信息更新慢、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計受理指揮軟件設(shè)計不合理很多模塊并不能使用（中興）、地圖臺信息與車載地理信息不吻合（安克）、數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計不合理與急救醫(yī)學結(jié)合少、維護人員少，平均故障修復時間長都在3-10天，因此我們要有講政治，懂業(yè)務(wù)，有水平，能吃苦的指揮通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)方面的專業(yè)工程師對120的軟件硬件進行維護和應(yīng)急維修服務(wù)。

（5）為了保持指揮系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和工作的連續(xù)性我們引進應(yīng)急管理理念，設(shè)置兩個服務(wù)器、兩條通訊線、兩條通路、兩個交換機、兩個路由器、兩個布線系統(tǒng)等，甚至連電源都是雙份兒的。這些設(shè)備集成起來構(gòu)成一個高速、安全、可靠的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)，只要有一個好的，就能保證接通，兩條腿走路。具體為①依靠網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本傳輸指揮和依靠對講機-中繼臺的無線通訊技術(shù)的語音指揮，雙套并用，必須強調(diào)數(shù)字無線集群呼叫在應(yīng)急通信中的不可替代的優(yōu)勢；②兩條七號信令鏈路熱備，語音交換機主控設(shè)備雙備份；③機房主備電源；④核心交換機、路由器雙備份；⑤數(shù)據(jù)庫、錄音系統(tǒng)熱備。

（6）二次升級。任何系統(tǒng)、設(shè)備的工作都一個生命周期，服務(wù)器網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備交換機一般4-5年、UPS電池3年，基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境5-6年，因此很多中心都將面臨系統(tǒng)的升級改造。根據(jù)我們的理解升級應(yīng)該考慮如下方面①在保持原有通信指揮功能的同時增加急救醫(yī)學單元、OA、醫(yī)院信息共享功能；②引入3G視頻通話手機上網(wǎng)功能，實現(xiàn)視頻監(jiān)護資料的雙向傳輸；③發(fā)展800兆無線集群通信；④建設(shè)B類標準支撐體系。

展望篇

調(diào)度人員都應(yīng)是醫(yī)學院畢業(yè)的大專以上的醫(yī)生，每班保證有一個可以用英語對話的調(diào)度人員，有一個副高以上的主任醫(yī)師指導急救、分析優(yōu)先派車級別，有一個計算機維護人員處理日常系統(tǒng)故障，同時領(lǐng)導應(yīng)輪流直接帶班，協(xié)調(diào)各種關(guān)系。

依照120接聽量、派車量合理設(shè)置值班席位，每班至少保證雙人雙崗，編制調(diào)度人員職稱序列提高人員待遇，定期心理輔導疏導精神壓力。樹立“我們寧可派錯100次，也不能錯過1個病人，和老百姓的生命相比，多派一次多跑一趟路又算得了什么。”的服務(wù)觀念。

加強120指揮系統(tǒng)功能，為調(diào)度工作提供更大的技術(shù)支撐。博采安克公司指揮調(diào)度軟件研發(fā)、中興公司交換機和車載硬件生產(chǎn)、天維爾公司應(yīng)急指揮系統(tǒng)集成之優(yōu)勢，進行二次升級系統(tǒng)，每輛救護車上增加電子地圖導航、電子醫(yī)療病歷實時輸入、急救難點查詢、視頻和心電監(jiān)護儀參數(shù)傳輸進行遠程急救協(xié)助等功能的車載數(shù)據(jù)處理中心；除了和省、區(qū)縣120分中心之間已建立的數(shù)據(jù)聯(lián)系外，也和各個醫(yī)院實現(xiàn)在線數(shù)據(jù)交換，指揮中心就可以了解各家醫(yī)院每天實時的床位情況和�？平釉\能力，在病人被送往醫(yī)院過程中，就可以和醫(yī)院將傷病員病情銜接好，使病人能直接進入�？漆t(yī)院接受專業(yè)的治療，如果病人現(xiàn)場已經(jīng)接受過處理，就可以直接送往科室接受�？浦委煟�這種無縫隙銜接可以簡化程序，理順流程，實現(xiàn)真正意義上的指揮、急救和管理的融合。

我國的城市應(yīng)急聯(lián)動多數(shù)是以110為基礎(chǔ)的，而120系統(tǒng)的特殊醫(yī)療業(yè)務(wù)使三網(wǎng)合一很難真正融合。因此，我們調(diào)度希望交巡警提供實時路況信息、派出所提供報警人的住址路線信息等服務(wù)內(nèi)容盡快實現(xiàn)真正意義的“急救信息資源共享”，支持120自身的院前急救水平、管理水平和信息化程度得到明顯的提高和發(fā)展。

調(diào)研中一位調(diào)度發(fā)到我郵箱中的一段話，很有代表性：“作為一名普通的調(diào)度員，我不求做什么大事，只是24小時守著120，與電話為伴，不管電話那頭是真呼救還是騷擾，我都認真拿起話機，深夜困了也只伏案休息，想想家中熟睡的女兒心中總有種愧疚，等女兒大了會理解媽媽的堅守是換回更多人的生命�！�----她（他）是群可敬可愛的人。

擴展閱讀：國家概況 120

國家概況類120

1.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedbythe______ContinentalCongressonJuly4,______.

A.First…..1774B.First….1776C.Second…..1774D.Second….17762.ThelargestlakeinBritainis______.

A.LochLomondB.theLoughNeaghC.Windermere

D.Ullswater

3.TheoriginoftheAmericanpartysystemcanbetracedto______.

A.thestrugglebetweentheRoyalistsandrevolutionariesintheWarofIndependenceB.theconstitutionaldebatebetweentheFederalistsandtheanti-Federalists

C.thestrugglebetweenthosewhoupheldslaveryandthosewhoopposedslaveryD.thestrugglebetweentheelectionofPresident

4.TheHundredYears"WarwithFrancewasfought_____.A.from1327to1453B.from1337to1453C.from1347to1453D.from1357to14535.ThesecondlargeststateoftheUnitedSlatesis______.

A.TexasB.AlaskaC.CaliforniaD.Hawaii6.Americanpresidentsareelected______.

A.everytwoyearsB.everyfouryearsC.everyfiveyears

D.everysixyears

7.Australiaistheworld"slargestexporterof______.

A.wheatB.dailyproductsC.meatD.wool

8.BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthe______andtheNorthSeaintheeast.

A.eastB.southC.westD.north

9.WhichofthefollowingStatementsisNOTtrueaboutthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.HeisappointedbytheQueen.

B.HeisMinisterfortheCivilService.C.HesitsintheHouseofCommons.D.Hereceives88,292ayear.

10.ThefirstEuropeandiscovererofCanadawasfrom______.A.BritainB.SpainC.FranceD.Portugal

11.InAmericathejudicialisheadedby______

A.thePresidentB.CongressC.theSupremecourtD.theSecretaryGeneral12.TheEnglishParliamentisoriginatedfrom______.

A.ModelParliamentC.GreatCouncil

B.AllEstatesParliamentD.LongParliament

13.Theworld"slargestfreshwaterlakeisLake______.

A.SuperiorB.OntarioC.VictoriaD.Michigan

14.TheBritishpeoplehold______asthefestivaltorememberthepeoplewhodiedinthetwoWorldWars.

A.EasterMondayB.ArmisticeDayC.GuyFawkesDayD.BoxingDay

15.The1920"sintheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasaperiodof______.

A.culturerevivalB.lossofpurpose

C.developmentofscienceandtechnologyD.materialsuccessandspiritualfrustration

16.accordingtotheEnglishlaw,nopersoncangetmarriedbelowtheageof______.A.16B.18C.20D.2117HowmanystateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution?A.8.B.9.C.12.D.13,18.TheCapitalofAustraliais______.

A.SydneyB.MelbourneC.CanberraD.Queensland19.TheScotsmennowspeak______.

A.EnglishB.Scottish

C.GaelicD.alloftheabove20.AmongthemosttypicalEnglishsports,havingbeenin.is_____.

A.rugbyB.soccerC.cricketD.boxing

21.TheearliestinstitutionofhigherlearningsetupinAmericawas_______.A.CaliforniaUniversityB.YaleUniversityC.HarvardCollegeD.ChicagoUniversity22.WhichofthefollowingtribesfirstcametoBritain

A.Anglos.B.Saxon.C.Jutes,D.Kent.23.OntheislandofGreatBritain,thereare______.

A.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland.WalesandNorthernIrelandB.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland,WalesandIrelandC.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandWales

D.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandNorthernIreland

24.ThethemeofThanksgivinghasalwaysbeen____.

A.friendshipandhappinessB.peaceandplenty

C.cooperationandrichrewardD.loveandhappiness

25.InBritainonlyabout______ofthepopulationarefarmersbuttheymanage70%ofthelandarea.

A.2%B.3%,

C.4%D.5%

26.TheToriesweretheforerunnersof_____,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalParty

C.theSocialDemocraticPartyD.theConservativeParty27.TheGrandCanyoninnorth-western___isoneofnature’smostimpressivesights.A.UtahB.Arizona.C.NevadaD.Idaho

28.TheBillofRightsisthetermusedfor_______totheConstitutionoftheunitedStates.A.thefirsttenamendmentsB.thelastfiveamendmentsC.thetenthamendmentD.themostimportantamendment29.The"basics"taughtintheAmericanelementaryschoolsare______.A.socialstudies,arithmeticandreadingB.science,reading,writingandarithmeticC.reading,writingandarithmetic

D.physicaleducation,readingandwriting30.I"helongestriverinCanadais______.

A.theMackenzieB.theSt.LawrenceC.theSevernD.theYukon

31.TheNormanConquestof______isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.

A.1063B.1064C.1065

D.1066

32.The"BigStick"PolicywasadvancedbyPresident______.

A.FranklinRooseveltB.TheodoreRooseveltC.WilliamMcKinley

D.ThomasWoodrowWilson

33.ThesmalleststateoftheUnitedStatesis______.

A.RhodeIslandB.MaineC.TexasD.Alaska

34.TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountriesandother

politicalunits______.

A.thathavelivedundertheBritishlawandgovernmentB.thathavealargenumberofBritishimmigrantsC.thathavecloserelationswithBritain

D.thathavefoughtonthesideofBritaininthetwoworldwars35.EachofthefiftystatesoftheU.S.A.elects______senators.

A.10

B.4

C.3D.2

36.ThefirstimperialistwartookplacebetweentheU.S.A.and______in1898.

A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

37.Bytradition.theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointed______bytheSovereignintheUnitedKingdom.

A.PrimeMinisterB.MemberofParliamentC.LordofAppealD.SpeakeroftheHouse38.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled______.

A.thePuritanRevolution

B.thesecondMagnaCarta

C.theLongParliamentD.theAnglicanWar

39.Australiahasalwaysbeenacontinentwithfewpeoplemainlybecause_______.A.AustraliaistoofarawayfromEurope

B.Australiaistheleastmountainousandmostleveloftheworld’scontinentsC.AustraliaisseparatedfromtherestoftheworldbyseasD.Mostofthecontinentishotanddry

40.IntheUnitedKingdom,policeofficer""arenotallowedtojoin_____orgoonstrike.A.atradeunionB.achoirC.apoliticalpartyD.aclub

41.WhenwasthereferendumonQuebec’sfuturestatusheldinCanada?A.1994.B.1995C.1996.

D.1997

42.ThegoalofRoosevelt"sNewDealwas_______.A.tosavetheAmericaneconomicandpoliticalsystemB.tochangetheAmericaneconomicsystemC.toweakenmonopolyinterestsinAmerica

D.tonationalizebanksandfinancialinstitutionsinAmerica

43.London"sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.theLordChancellorB.theHomeSecretaryC.theAttorneyGeneralD.thePrimeMinister

44.Inarea,theUnitedStalesisthe______largestcountryintheworldA.2nd.B.3rdC.4thD.5th

45.TheBlackDeath,whichravagedEnglandin13481849,carriedoff_______.A.threefourthsofthepopulationB.onefourthofthepopulation.C.onefifthofthepopulationD.onehalfofthepopulation46.WhatisthemostimportanteconomicactivityinCanada?A.Manufacturing.B.FarmingC.Mining.D.forestry47.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstothe______.A.AppalachianMountainsB.RockyMountainsC.CascadeMountainsD.SierraNevadaMountains

48.ApartfromabreakduringtheSecondWorldWar,theBBChasbeenprovidingregulartelevisionbroadcastssince_______.

A.1935B.1936C.1937D.193849.Inthe1960spopmusicunderwentarevolutionwhen______becameworldfamousandturnedtheirhometownofLiverpoolintoaplaceofpilgrimage.A.theBeachBoysB.theRollingStoneC.theAnimalsD.theBeatles50.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewas______.A.BenjaminFranklinB.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJeffersonD.JohnAdams51.WhoischieflyresponsibleforeducationintheUS?A.Thefederalgovernment.B.Thestategovernment.C.Thecountygovernment.D.Thelocalgovernment.52.ThenationalcenterofthepressinBritainis_____.A.TheFleetStreetB.Speaker"sCornerC.GreatRussellStreetD.Whitehall53.ThelongestriverinBritainisthe______.A.SevernC.Clyde

B.ThamesD.Tees

54.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom______.A.EnglandandGermanyB.EnglandandIrelandC.EnglandandtheNetherlandsD.EnglandandSpain55.WhichdayisLincoln"sBirthday?

A.February12.C.July4.

B.February22.D.October12.

56.IntheUnitedKingdom,thepartywhichwinsthe______numberofseatsintheHouseofCommonsbecomestheofficialOpposition.

A.largestB.secondlargestC.thirdlargestA.toreceivefreesettlers

B.tosupplyBritainwithwoolandfoodC.toreceiveconvictsfromBritainD.toexpandtheBritishimperialpower

58.TheemblemoftheDemocraticPartyis______.A.elephantB.donkeyC.bearD.bull

59.TheMississippi,whichissometimescalled______,hasplayedavitalroleinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.A."OldManRiver"

D.fourthlargest

57.AtfirstAustraliawassettledbytheBritishasacolonyfounded______.

B."MoonRiver"

C."OldFatherRiver"D."MotheroftheUnitedStates"

60.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswas______,whichwasestablishedin1733.A.NorthCarolinaB.SouthCarolinaC.GeorgiaD.Maryland61.Australiaislocatedbetween______andtheIndianOcean.A.theSouthPacificOceanB.theNorthSeaC.theAtlanticOceanD.theArctic62.Nearly______ofthelandinCanadahasnopermanentpopulation.A.68%B.79%C.89%D.98%

63.TheUnitedStateswentwarwith______in1812,thelastwarfoughtbetweenthetwocountries.

A.BritainC.Mexico

B.FranceD.Spain

64.TheCanadaCouncilmainlyconcernswith______.A.artsB.educationC.businessD.diplomacy

65.Ofallthesymbols,whichareconsideredtorepresentfertilityandnewlifeandaremostfrequentlyassociatedwithEaster?

A.Thepumpkinandtheturkey.B.Thelambandthebeef.C.Thespringpeasandthepotatoes.D.Theeggandtherabbit.66.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof______.A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsB.theHouseandtheSenateC.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

67.TheUnitedStateshaslessthan5%oftheworld"spopulation;yetitproducesabout______ofthetotalworldoutput.

A.20%B.25%C.30%D.35%68.WhichisNOTaBritishNewsAgency?

A,ReutersC.AFX

B.ThePressAssociationLtd.D.UnitedPressInternational

69.TheUSformerlyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin______.A.1937B.1939C".1941D.1943

70.WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658,andwassucceededbyhisson,______,theregimebeganimmediatelytocollapse.

A.HenryB.HamiltonC.RichardD.Charles

71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheNationalHealthService?

A.Itprovides(oreveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.B.Itisadministeredbythelocalgovernment.

C.Itsemergencyambulancesareavailablefordoctors"urgentcalls.D.Ithassufferedfromunderfundinginrecentdecades.72.Thetenureofofficeoffederaljudgesis______.

A.4yearslongB.forlife

C.8yearslongD.5yearslong

73.InAmerica,thethreebiggestnewspapersareofthefollowingEXCEPT______.A.NewYorkTimesB.Reader"sDigestC.WashingtonPostD.LosAngelsTimes74..Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin______inBritain.A.EnglishChannelB.IrishSea

C.LakeNoahD.theNorthSea

75.ForelectoralpurposesBritainisdividedinto659constituencies,eachofwhichreturns______totheHouseofCommons.A.onemember

B.twomembers

C.threemembersD.fourmembers76.SearsTowerisin_______.

A.BostonB.NewYorkC.ChicagoD.LosAngeles77.ChristianityconsistsofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.CatholicismB.EastOrthodoxC.JewishChurchD.Protestantism

78.Thetypicalorganizationalpattern(orelementaryandsecondaryschoolsintheUnitedStatesisthatof______.

A.classifiedschoolsB.vocationalschoolsC.gradedschoolsD.publicschools79.Withregardtoitssize,Australiais______countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestC.thefifthlargest

B.thefourthlargestD.thesixthlargest

80.ChinaandAmericaestablisheddiplomaticrelationsinJanuary______.A.1972B.1976C.1978D.197981.WhichofthefollowingsportswasNOTinventedinBritain?A.footballB.tennisC.archeryU.cricket82.IntheUnitedStates,thefirstlargestimmigrationmovementtookplace______.A.rightaftertheWarofIndependenceB.inthemid-1800sC.attheturnofthe20thcenturyD.rightaftertheCivilWar83.WheredothemajorityofpeopleinScotlandlive?A.intheHighlandsB.intheLowlandsC.intheUplandsD.inthewestofScotland

84.Rock-and-rollintheearly1960sintheUnitedStateswasmusicfor______.A.teenagersB.blackaudienceC.whiteadultaudienceD.peopleofallages

85.ThankstothefeministmovementinBritain,votesweregrantedtowomenovertheageof______in1918.

A.18B.20C.30D.3586.Thefinancial,manufacturingandtransportationcenteroftheUnitedStatesis______.A.NewYorkB.WashingtonD.C.C.PhiladelphiaD.Chicago87.InBritain,childrenfromtheageof5to16______.A.canlegallyreceivepartlyfreeeducationB.canlegallyreceivecompletelyfreeeducationC.cannotreceivefreeeducationatall

D.cannotreceivefreeeducationiftheirparentsarerich

88.IntheU.S.,ConstitutionalAmendmentcangointoeffectafteritisapprovedby_____.A.atwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesB.three-fourthsofthestatesC.two-thirdsofthestatesD.halfofthestates

89.ThetwofamousleadersofblackmovementsintheU.S.inthe60swere___A.DouglasandGarrisonB.DouglasandMartinLutherKingC.MartinLutherKingandMalcolmXD.MalcolmXandGarrison90.WheredoestheEnglishPrimeMinisterlive?A.WallStreet.C.FleetStreet.A.inonly5or6statesalongtheAtlanticcoastB.intheSouth

C.instateswithalargepopulation

D.alongtheAtlanticandPacificcoasts

92.TheAuthorizedVersionoftheBible(publishedin1611)wasmadeby______command.A.EdwardIV"sB.JamesI"sC.ElizabethI"sD.HenryVIII"s93.WhatformsanaturalboundarybetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates?A.TheRioGrandeRiver.B.ThesouthernRockyMountains.C.TheColoradoRiver.D.TheGulfofCalifornia.94.UnderwhosereignwastheBillofRightspassed?A.JamesIIB.WilliamIIIC.OliverCromwell.D.GeorgeI.

95.TheGreatBarrierReefisincludedontheWorldHeritagelistbecauseithas______.A.themostbeautifulseascapeintheworldB.thegreatestnumberofislandsintheworld

8

B.DawningStreet.

D.TheBuckinghamPalace.

91.MostofthecollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.arelocated______.

C.themostdiverseandcomplexmarinelifeintheworldD.thelongestcoastintheworld

96.ThetwoveryimportantcropsinBritainare______.A.barleyandcornB.wheatandriceC.barleyandoatsD.wheatandbarley97.Canadaisboundedonthewestby______.A.thePacificOceanC.theIndianOcean

B.theAtlanticOceanD.theArcticOcean

98.ThePacificnorthwestisfavoredwitha______climatelikethatofBritain.A.MediterraneanB.maritimeC.continentalD.subtropical99.ThefirstRepublicanPresidentwas______.A.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJefferson100.Edinburghisthecapitalof______.

A.EnglandC.Wales

B.AbrahamLincolnD.AndrewJacksonB.Scotland

D.NorthernIreland

101.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaqualitypaper?

A.TheTelegraph.B.TheNewsoftheWorld.C.TheGuardian.D.TheObserver.102.Whichcivilairlinewasstartedin1924aftertheFirstWorldWar?

A.ImperialAirways.B.BritishAirways.C.Hawker-SiddeleyAviation.D.theBritishAircraftCorporation.103.WhenthepresidentoftheU.S.signsanactpassedbyCongressintolaw,itstillcan

becancelledif______.

A.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsB.theSupremeCourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsC.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesitisunconstitutionalD.theSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional104.WhereisthebestagriculturallandinBritain?A.InthesoutheastofEngland.B.InthenortheastofEngland.C.InthesoutheastofScotland.D.InthenortheastofScotland.

105.ThefollowingarethefactorsthathavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheU.S.

economyEXCEPT______.A.thevastspaceandresourcesofthelandB.theidealsoffreedomandeconomicopportunityC.Englishasitsnationallanguage

D.hardworkbythepeople

106.WhichbranchoftheAmericangovernmenthasthepoweroffinalinterpretationofthe

constitution?

A.TheSupremeCourt.B.ThePresident.C.TheHouse.D.TheSenate.

107.TheTowerofLondon,ahistoricalsight,locatedinthecentreofLondon,wasbuilt

by_______.

A.KingHaroldC.OliverCromwell108.TheUnitedStatesis______.

A.themostpopulouscountryintheworldB.thesecondmostpopulouscountryintheworldC.thethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworldD.thefourthmostpopulouscountryintheworld

109.TheRoyalNationalEisteddfodisa(n)______festivalofpoetry,musicandotherarts.A.EnglishC.Welsh

B.ScottishD.Irish

B.RobinHood

D.WilliamtheConqueror

110.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.TheLouisianawastakenfromBritainasaresultoftheWarof1812.B.TheLouisianaTerritorywascededtotheUnitedStatesbyFrance.C.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromSpain.D.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromFrance.

111.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTparticularlyBritishChristmastradition?

A.EnjoyingthePantomime.

B.TheQueenbroadcastingherChristmasmessage.C.Enjoyingturkeyatdinner.D.ShoppingontheBoxingDay.

112.ThecultivatedlandintheU.S.makesup______ofthetotalland.

A.21%C.41%

B.31%D.51%

113.IfastudentwantstogotouniversityinBritain,hewilltaketheexaminationcalled

_______.

A.GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedB.GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducationC.thecommonentranceexamination

D.GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications

114.WhichofthefollowingisNOTintheeastpartofU.S.A.?

A.Massachusetts.B.Maine.C.NorthCarolina.D.Louisiana.115.RichardNixonresignedin1974becauseof______.

A.theGreatDepression116.OnwhichdayisHalloweencelebrated?

A.5November.C.17March.

B.theBlackPowerMovement

C.theWatergateScandalD.hisIsolationpolicy

B.31October.D.25December.

117.InAustralia,April25thisknownas______.

A.AustraliaDayB.IndependenceDayC.AnzacDayD.ANZUS

118.AmongalltheAmericancities,______boaststhebiggestoverseasChinesecommunity

A.NewYork

B.Honolulu

C.SanFranciscoD.LosAngeles

119.WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?

A.Theculturalcentre.B.ThebusinesscentreC.Thefinancialcentre.D.Thesportscentre120.Whereistheinternationaltennischampionshipsheld?

A.Wembley.B.Wimbledon.C.St.Andrews.D.Clapham.

KEY

1-10.DBBBA，BDBDC11-20.CCABD，ABCDC21-30.CACBA，DBACA31-40.DBAAD，CAADA4150.BDBCD，ABBDC51-60.BAACA，BCBAC61-70.ACAAD，DCDCC71-80.BBBDA，CCCDD81-90.CBBAC，ABBCB91-100.DBABC，DABBB101-110.BADAC，ADCCD111-120.CCADC，BCCDB

語言學120

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTTrue?

A.Languageisasystem.B.Languageissymbolic.C.Animalsalsohavelanguages.D.Languageisarbitrary.2.Awordisasymbolthat_______.

A.isusedbythesamespeechcommunityB.representssomethingelseintheworldC.isbothsimpleandcomplexinnatureD.showsdifferentideasindifferentsounds

3.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only______ispermissibleaccordingtothe

sequentialrulesinEnglish.

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

4.AmericanEnglishbeganwith______.

A.OldEnglishB.VictorianEnglishC.MiddleEnglishD.ElizabethanEnglish

5.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina______formula“S→NPVP”.

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical6."Big"and"small"areapairof______opposites.

A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse

7.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze______meaning.

A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafactorthatmayinfluencesecondlanguageacquisition?

A.Age.B.Sex.

C.Motivation.D.Personality.9.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?

A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit

10.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakerto

somefuturecourseofactionarecalled______.

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

11.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare______ofthesamephoneme.

A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs

12.WhichbranchofstudycanNOTbeincludedinthescopeofLinguistics?

A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology.

13.Euphemismisatermof______origin.

A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicC.Spainish14.Thedistinctionoflangueandparoleismadeby____A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure

15.______areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds16.______isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.A.SyntaxB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics

17.______isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number.Gender,case,etc)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc).

A.PartsofspeechC.Grammaticalcategories

B.WordclassesD.Functionsofwords

18.Thenoun"tear"andtheverb"tear"are______.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.allophones19.InEnglish,theonlyglottalis______.A.[1]C.[k]

B.[h]D.[f]

20.Theterm______maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsC.diachroniclinguistics

B.comparativelinguistics

D.historicalcomparativelinguistics

21.Theuseofsexistlanguagereflectsa______attitude.

A.socialB.linguistic

C.traditionalD.alloftheabove22.______wasonceusedaslinguafrancaofdiplomacy.A.LatinB.ArabicC.FrenchD.Spanish

23.Somewordsinthebasicwordstockaresaidtobestablebecausethey______.

A.arecomplexwordsB.aretechnicalwords

C.refertothecommonestthingsinlifeD.denotethemostimportantconcepts

24.Anaffixcanbeaddedtocertaintypeof______toformanewword.A.infixB.affixC.stemD.word

25.Inasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallyNOTstressed?

A.Nouns.B.Verbs.C.Personalpronouns.D.Adjectives.

26.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttothe

conversation.

A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation27.Therelationshipbetween"meat"and"meet"is______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.polysemyD.homonymv28.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude______,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundC.syllables"D.stress29.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.Soundsandletters.C.Lettersandmeaning.

B.Soundsandmeaning.D.Soundsandsymbols.

30.Wherearethevocalcords?

A.Inthemouth.B.Inthenasalcavity.C.Abovethetongue.D.Insidethelarynx.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.Languageisaspecialsocialphenomenon.B.languageissomearbitrarysymbols.

C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.D.Languageisyettobeunderstood.

32.______studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax

33.______isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word

34.Aspeaker"sactualutteranceinChomsky"sterminologyiscalled

A,deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure35.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled______word.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple

36.ThestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationA.generallinguisticsC.semantics37.Leechdividedmeaningsinto______types.A.4C.6

B.phonologyD.morphologyB.5D.7

38.BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbedasmanyas2,500wordsof______intheMiddleEnglishperiod.

A.DutchoriginC.Latinorigin

B.DanishoriginD.Greekorigin

39.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe______.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes

40.TheEnglishword"untouchable"iscomposedof______morphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five

41.Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyputtingtheinitiallettersofseveralwords

togetheriscalled______.

A.compoundingB.clippingC.acronymyD.blending42.Chineselanguagebelongstothe______family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.Afro-AsiaticD.Caucasian

43.Thefounderofgenerallinguisticsis______.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

44.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresent-daylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma______perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare______.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradationB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation46.Diphthongsarecharacterizedby______.

A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress47.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis______.A.theinternalstructureB.morpheme

C.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.word

48.Therelationbetween"food"and"bread"iscalled______.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49.Theconsonantsound[v]isdescribedas______.

A.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeB.voiceddentalfricativeC.voicedlabiodentalfricativeD.voicedaffricate

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?

A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.51.Therelationofthetwoclausesinacoordinatesentenceis______.A.oneissubordinatetotheotherB.theyholdunequalstatus

C.theyarestructurallyequalpartsofthesentenceD.theyareincorporated

52.______dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.SenseB.ReferenceC.Symbol

D.Thought

53.Thesentence"Ifireyou!"belongstothespeechactcategoryof______.A.expressivesB.directivesC.representativesD.declarations54.Generallinguisticsisthescientificstudyof______.A.languageofacertainindividualB.theEnglishlanguage

C.humanlanguagesingenera]

D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage

55.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin______.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips56.Theprefix"ex-"asin"ex-wife"or"ex-president"wasborrowedintoEnglishfrom_______.A.LatinB.GreekC.FrenchD.Celtic57.Nasalsoundsareproducedwhenthesoftpalate______.A.isloweredB.israisedC.vibratesD.moves

58.______isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics59.Whereistheprimarystressofthewordphonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.60.______referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.Illocutinaryact

C.PerlocutionaryactD.Speechact61.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyback-formation?A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.62.WhatisthefullformofLAD?

A.Languageassociativedistrict.C.Languageassociativedevice.

B.Languageacquisitiondistrict.D.languageacquisitiondevice.

63.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword"man"canbeexpressedas______.A.+animate,+human,+male,-adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult64.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout______words.A.30,000to40,000B.50,000to60,000C.70,000to80,000D.80,000to90,00065.Productivityisoneofthe______oflanguage.

A.distinctivefeaturesB.designfeaturesC.SuprasegmentalfeaturesD.pragmaticfeatures66.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:[d],[s],[n]?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced,C.Nasal.D.Alveolar.

67.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOToneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglish

pronouns?

A.Gender.B.Number.C.Case.D.Voice.68.Intheword"internationalism",whichpartistheroot?A.interB.nationC.alD.ism69.Thatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtherealworldistheviewof______concerningthestudyofmeaning.

A.namingtheory

B.conceptualist

C.contextualistD.behaviorist

70.Theword"pen"originallymeant"featherusedforwritingwithink".Nowitreferstoanydeviseusedforwritingwithink.Thisisanexampleof______.A.degradationofmeaningB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning71.Theword"taxi"isformedthrough______.

A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation

72.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren"sdevelopmentoftheir______language.A.firstB.second

C.dialectalD.individualized

73.Thelefthemisphereofhumanbrainisresponsibleforthefunctionof______.A.languageandspeechB.calculation

C.analytic"reasoningandassociativethoughts

D.alloftheabove

74.BlackEnglishhadanumberof______distinctivefeaturesinitsphonological,mor

phologicalandsyntacticsystems.

A.rule-governedB.arbitraryC.unsystematicD.bothAandR75.______isnotapairofhomophones.

A.bean,beenB.beat,beetC.flea,fleeD.bow,bow

76.Ingeneral,languagecharacteristicsof______registerismoreoftenusedinthewritten

formthaninthespokenform.

A.informalB.formal

C.neutralD.alloftheabove77."Dimsum"isof______origin.

A.ScottishB.KoreanC.JapaneseD.Chinese

78.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanobviouscauseoflanguagechange?A.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.B.Thewayoflanguageteaching.

C.Thewayofchildren"slanguageacquisition.D.Economyofmemory.

79.Inanarrowersense,anindividualspeaker"sidiolectismadeupofsuchfactoras_______.

A.voicequalityandpitchB.pitchandrhythm

C.voiceandrhythmD.voice,pitchandrhythm80.Whenthesuffix______isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective.A.-lessB.-nessC.-fullyD.-er81.Thefunctionofthesentence"Lovelyweather,isn"tit?"is______.A.informativeB.phaticC.performativeD.recreational

82.Oncethenotionof______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledinto

pragmatics.

A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content

83.WhichofthefollowingcriteriacanNOTbeusedtoclassifyvowels?A.Thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest.B.Theopennessofthemouth.

C.Thevibrationofthevocalcords.D.Theshapeofthelips.

84.Thereare______maximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.2B.3C.4D.585.Children"slanguageacquisitionis______oflanguage.A.thememorizationofwords

B.chieflytheinternalizationofindividualsentencesC.primarilytheacquiringofthegrammaticalsystemD.generallyabunchofutterance

86."Buy"and"sell"formapairof______.A.conversivesB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms

87.Ifaphonemeissubstitutedforanotherinawordandthesubstitutionresultsinachangeofthewordmeaning,thetwophonemesaresaidtobe______.A.minimalpairB.minimalsetC.distinctivephonemesD.distinctivefeatures88.______isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.

A.CollocationB."IdiomC.Semanticcomponent

D.Synonym

89.TheGreatVowelShiftoccurredattheendof______.A.OldEnglishperiodB.MiddleEnglishperiodC.ModemEnglishperiodD.Middleages

90.______isapairofcontraryantonyms.A.wild,tameB.nimble,lameC.cold,warmD.alive,dead

91.Whatkindoftoneisusedwhenastraightforwardmatter-of-factstatementisuttered?A.Therisingtone.B.Thefallingtone.C.Thefalling-risingtone.D.Theflattone.92.Thelanguageoffemalesisfeaturedby______.A.moreprestigiousformB.morepoliteandindirectlanguageC.morespecificcolortermsD.alloftheabove93.Themostimportantperiodforfirstlanguageacquisitionis______.A.adulthoodB.teenageperiodC.primaryschoolyearsD.pre-schoolyears

94.Thenumberofpidginspeakersintheworldis______.A.about6millionB.about12millionC.over12millionD.somewherebetween6-12million95.InEnglish-languagespeechcommunities,themostobvioustaboowordsarerelatedtoA.religion,sex,sexorgansB.religion,sex,excrementC.sex,sexorgans,excrementD.religion,sexorgans,excrement

96.Hallidayfocusesonthesocialaspectoflanguage,regardinglanguageasaformof_______.

A.knowingB.doingC.thinkingD.thinkinganddoing97.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b].B.[m].C.[p].D.[f].98.______canbeusedindependentlywithoutbeingcombinedwithothermorphemes.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.AffixesD.Roots99.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?

A.Blackboard.B.Sings.C.Astonishment.D.Boys.100.JohnAustinproposed______inthelate1950"s.A.SpeechActTheoryB.7typesofmeaningC.CooperativePrincipleD.Predicationanalysis101.Japaneseuses______writingsystem.

A.wordB.syllabicalphabetC.alphabeticD.syllabic102.The______varietyofdiglossiaisusedformoreformalorseriousmatter.A.formalB.informalC.highD.low103.Whichofthefollowingisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[w].B.[m].C.[b].D.[p].104.______isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishverbs.A.TenseB.AspectC.VoiceD.Gender105.Allwordscontaina______.

A.rootB.boundmorphemeC.prefix

D.suffix

106.Ofthefollowingword-formationprocesses,______isthemostproductive.A.clippingB.blendingC.initialismD.derivation

107.ThemostwidespreadandfamiliarethnicvarietyoftheEnglishlanguageis______.

A.BritishEnglishB.AmericanEnglishC.BlackEnglishD.CanadianEnglish108.______isNOTincludedinLeech"sassociativemeaning.A.ConnotativemeaningB.SocialmeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.Thematicmeaning

109.______modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethespeechoftheoriginalword.

A.PrefixesC.Roots

B.SuffixesD.Affixes

110.Theword______isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A."tube"B."pub"C."railroad"D."taxi"

111.Themaximofqualityrequires-.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe______.A.falseB.true

C.indirectD.insufficient112.Canadaisawell-knownbilingualcountrywhereboth______areofficiallanguages.A.EnglishandSpanishB.EnglishandPortugueseC.EnglishandFrenchD.EnglishandRussian113.Linguistictabooreflects______.

A.socialtabooB.socialconventionC.habitD.law114.Whichofthefollowingwordsisafunctionalword?

A.Often.B.Nice.C.Desk.D.Although.

115.Bytheageof______,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguage

acquisitionprocess.

A.5B.6C.4D.3116.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?A.Metalingualfunction.B.Interpersonalfunction.C.Emotivefunction.D.Culturaltransmission.117.“Wecandothingswithwords”isthemainideaof______.A.thespeechacttheoryB.theco-operativeprinciples

C.thepoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics118.Motelisa(n)______.

A.abbreviationC.blending

B.coinageD.acronym

119.______isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fair"(aregulargatheringofpeopleforbarterandsaleofgoods)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolorthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and

"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)120.TheIndo-Europeanfamilyhas______subfamilies.A.8C.10

21

B.9D.11

1.10:CBADC,BDBBA21-30:ACCCC,DDDBD41-50:CBDBAABDCB61-70:DDBAB,DDBBB81-90:BBCCC,ACBBD101-110:BCDDA,DCDAC","p":{"h":17.043,"w":185.618,"x":135.036,"y":275.683,"z":42},"ps":null,"s":{"letter-spacing":"-0.084"},"t":"word","r":[2]},

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