初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)
初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)
從句分為定語從句,狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及therebe句型。
1.定語從句
限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事;二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時(shí)?墒÷,which則不能,而且其后的“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時(shí),先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如:1.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mama”wasinventedin1830.
2.Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart,duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn.
代表a11,anything,something,nothing,much等詞時(shí),用that而不用which,that作賓語可省略。例如:
1.Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowithit.
2.You"dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehim.3.Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother.
4.Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday.
who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞,用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句,而when用來表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語。例如:1.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction.2.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.
3.Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery.
4.Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment.
在下列情況,限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略:1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語;或它們在從句中作介詞的賓語,
而該介詞又在句末時(shí);2)當(dāng)先行詞是that,all,only,everything,something,nothing等代詞時(shí),或先行詞前有一個(gè)最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí);3)當(dāng)先行詞前有only,any,all,first,no,last等修飾時(shí),或先行詞就是time,moment,way(anyway),direction,distance等名詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞即可省略。例如:
1.Thedelegationwehadbeenwaitingforfinallyarrived.2.Imetthewomanyoutoldmeabout.3.Shegavemeallshecouldafford.
4.WithTVwecanseethingshappenalmostattheexactmomenttheyarehappening.
非限定性定語從句,其作用為:對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說明,它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中,which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子;代表人時(shí)只能用who,whom,而不能用that;as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如:1.Thetelephone,asweknow,wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell.
2.TheLittleWhiteHouseinWarmSpringswastheGeorgiahomePresident3.FranklinD.Roosevelt,whodiedthereonApril12,1945.
4.Livinginadamphouseforalongtimeisharmfultoone’shealth,whichisknowntoeveryone.2.狀語從句
狀語從句可分為:時(shí)間狀語從句(主要由when,whenever,after,before,a5,slnce,once,assoonas初中英語語法總結(jié),Until,while等連詞引導(dǎo)),結(jié)果狀語從句(由so…that和such…that連接),讓步狀語從句(由though,although,nomatter,evenif初中英語語法總結(jié),however初中英語語法總結(jié),whatever等詞引導(dǎo)),原因狀語從句(由as,because,since和for引導(dǎo)),條件狀語從句(由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等詞引導(dǎo)),地點(diǎn)狀語從句(由where引導(dǎo)),行為方式狀語從句(由as引導(dǎo))。有時(shí)條件狀語從句中,主句不可以用將來時(shí),而用一般時(shí)代替。例如:
1.ThesmallgreenishflowersoftheelmtreeappearintheSpring,longbeforetheleavesgrow.2.QiongYao"snovelsusedtobesopopularthatherbooksappearedonbest-sellerlists.
3.Gasballoonislesssafethanhotballoonbecauseitmaycatchfire.
4.Uniformacceleration(同樣的加速)occursiftherateofchangeremainsthesameoversuccessiveequalintervalsoftime.
5.ThousandsofChinesecollegestudentswenttotheUSConsulate6.Shanghai,
wheretheyprotestedNATO"sbombingatChina"sEmbassyinYugoslavia.
狀語從句中的“主語+be”可以省略,前提是:從句主語和主句主語一致,且從句謂語“be”省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞介詞短語/形容詞/名詞短語”。)例如:1.Whenwellfitted,glassescancorrectmostsightdefectsinhealthyeyes.2.Ifnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.3.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained.3.名詞從句
名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句,其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
1)主語從句
主語從句常出現(xiàn)在itis+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句”的形式中。例如:
1.ItisreportedthatTaiwanesepopsingerMengTingweiwillholdasoloconcertinShanghaisomedaythismonth.
2.Itmustbepointedoutthatyouhavefailedtomeetthedeadline.
3.ItusuallyhappenedthatIwaslatebecauseoftrafficjams.主語從句還可用when,where初中英語語法總結(jié),how,why,whether等連接副詞,和who,whom,whose,what,which初中英語語法總結(jié),whoever,whatever,whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如:
1.Howtoarrangethemeetingisnotyourtask.
2.Whosecandidatewillwintheelectionisthequestionbothpoliticalpartiesareasking.3.WhenIleaveismyowndecision.
4.Whoeverwillgotothepartywon"tchangemymindofstayingathome.2)賓語從句
賓語從句可由that,疑問代詞或副詞how,why和where等引出。例如:1.Topostponetheconferenceuntilnextmonthindicatedthattheywereunprepared.
2.Nearlya11thestaffagreedwithwhatIsaid.
3.Everyoneworriedaboutherbecausenoonewasawareofwhereshehadgone.
4.Couldyouoffermoredetailsexceptthatithappenedatnight?由what,whether,how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后,而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but,besides,except,in,save之后。例如:1.Icanhardlybelieveinwhattheyhavedone.
2.Hedoesn’tknowmyphonenumberexceptthatthecitycodeis021.
一些表語性的形容詞,如:alarmed,amazed,annoyed,astonished,certain,confident,disappointed,glad,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sure,surprised,worried,ect.做表語時(shí),后面可跟由that,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如:1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures.2.HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination.3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis.
4.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語從句
表語從句對(duì)主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用;若表語從句用that引起,that起連接作用,不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how,when,where,why,what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在“this/that/itisbecause”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
1.Alogarithm(對(duì)數(shù))iswhatisknowninalgebraexponent(代數(shù)的指數(shù)).2.OnethingIadmiremostaboutthemisthattheyarehospitable.3.Sheworkstoohard;Thatiswhysheisexhausted.
4.Imustpointoutthatwhereyouintendtobuildasuper-marketiswheretheelderlydoexerciseeveryday.4)同位語從句
同位語從句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同,句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether初中英語語法總結(jié),how,why,where,when等來引導(dǎo)。例如:
1.Sheignoredtheteacher"sinstructionthatshemuststudyhard.
2.ThequestionwhetherornotIshouldhelphiminsuchacasetroubledmegreatly.
擴(kuò)展閱讀:初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)
初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)
★清華大學(xué)★英語系測試:為中學(xué)英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果
初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)
從句分為定語從句,狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及therebe句型。1.定語從句
限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事;二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時(shí)?墒÷裕瑆hich則不能,而且其后的—不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時(shí),先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如:1.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay—mama‖wasinventedin1830.2.Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart,duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn.
代表a11,anything,something,nothing,much等詞時(shí),用that而不用which,that作賓語可省略。例如:1.Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowithit.2.You"dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehim.3.Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother.
4.Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday.who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞,用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句,而when用來表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語。例如:
1.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction.
2.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.
3.Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery.4.Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment.
在下列情況,限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略:1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語;或它們在從句中作介詞的賓語,而該介詞又在句末時(shí);2)當(dāng)先行詞是that,all,only,everything,something,nothing等代詞時(shí),或先行詞前有一個(gè)最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí);3)當(dāng)先行詞前有only,any,all,first,no,last等修飾時(shí),或先行詞就是time,moment,way(anyway),direction,distance等名詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞即可省略。例如:1.Thedelegationwehadbeenwaitingforfinallyarrived.2.Imetthewomanyoutoldmeabout.3.Shegavemeallshecouldafford.
4.WithTVwecanseethingshappenalmostattheexactmomenttheyarehappening.
非限定性定語從句,其作用為:對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說明,它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中,which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子;代表人時(shí)只能用who,whom,而不能用that;as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如:1.Thetelephone,asweknow,wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell.
2.TheLittleWhiteHouseinWarmSpringswastheGeorgiahomePresident3.FranklinD.Roosevelt,whodiedthereonApril12,1945.
4.Livinginadamphouseforalongtimeisharmfultoone’shealth,whichisknowntoeveryone.2.狀語從句
狀語從句可分為:時(shí)間狀語從句(主要由when,whenever,after,before,a5,slnce,once,assoonas初中英語語法總結(jié),Until,while等連詞引導(dǎo)),結(jié)果狀語從句(由so…that和such…that連接),讓步狀語從句(由though,although,nomatter,evenif初中英語語法總結(jié),however初中英語語法總結(jié),whatever等詞引導(dǎo)),原因狀語從句(由as,because,since和for引導(dǎo)),條件狀語從句(由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等詞引導(dǎo)),地點(diǎn)狀語從句(由where引導(dǎo)),行為方式狀語從句(由as引導(dǎo))。有時(shí)條件狀語從句中,主句不可以用將來時(shí),而用一般時(shí)代替。例如:
1.ThesmallgreenishflowersoftheelmtreeappearintheSpring,longbeforetheleavesgrow.
2.QiongYao"snovelsusedtobesopopularthatherbooksappearedonbest-sellerlists.
3.Gasballoonislesssafethanhotballoonbecauseitmaycatchfire.
4.Uniformacceleration(同樣的加速)occursiftherateofchangeremainsthesameoversuccessiveequalintervalsoftime.5.ThousandsofChinesecollegestudentswenttotheUSConsulate6.Shanghai,
wheretheyprotestedNATO"sbombingatChina"sEmbassyinYugoslavia.
狀語從句中的—主語+be‖可以省略,前提是:從句主語和主句主語一致,且從句謂語—be‖省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為—連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞介詞短語/形容詞/名詞短語‖。)例如:
1.Whenwellfitted,glassescancorrectmostsightdefectsinhealthyeyes.
2.Ifnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.3.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained.3.名詞從句
名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句,其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1)主語從句
主語從句常出現(xiàn)在itis+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句‖的形式中。例如:
1.ItisreportedthatTaiwanesepopsingerMengTingweiwillholdasoloconcertinShanghaisomedaythismonth.2.Itmustbepointedoutthatyouhavefailedtomeetthedeadline.
3.ItusuallyhappenedthatIwaslatebecauseoftrafficjams.主語從句還可用when,where初中英語語法總結(jié),how,why,whether等連接副詞,和who,whom,whose,what,which初中英語語法總結(jié),whoever,whatever,whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如:
1.Howtoarrangethemeetingisnotyourtask.
2.Whosecandidatewillwintheelectionisthequestionbothpoliticalpartiesareasking.3.WhenIleaveismyowndecision.
4.Whoeverwillgotothepartywon"tchangemymindofstayingathome.2)賓語從句賓語從句可由that,疑問代詞或副詞how,why和where等引出。例如:1.Topostponetheconferenceuntilnextmonthindicatedthattheywereunprepared.
2.Nearlya11thestaffagreedwithwhatIsaid.
3.Everyoneworriedaboutherbecausenoonewasawareofwhereshehadgone.
4.Couldyouoffermoredetailsexceptthatithappenedatnight?由what,whether,how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后,而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but,besides,except,in,save之后。例如:1.Icanhardlybelieveinwhattheyhavedone.
2.Hedoesn’tknowmyphonenumberexceptthatthecitycodeis021.
一些表語性的形容詞,如:alarmed,amazed,annoyed,astonished,certain,confident,disappointed,glad,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sure,surprised,worried,ect.做表語時(shí),后面可跟由that,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如:
1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures.
2.HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination.3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis.4.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語從句
表語從句對(duì)主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用;若表語從句用that引起,that起連接作用,不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how,when,where,why,what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在—this/that/itisbecause‖結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
1.Alogarithm(對(duì)數(shù))iswhatisknowninalgebraexponent(代數(shù)的指數(shù)).
2.OnethingIadmiremostaboutthemisthattheyarehospitable.
3.Sheworkstoohard;Thatiswhysheisexhausted.
4.Imustpointoutthatwhereyouintendtobuildasuper-marketiswheretheelderlydoexerciseeveryday.4)同位語從句
同位語從句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同,句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether初中英語語法總結(jié),how,why,where,when等來引導(dǎo)。例如:
1.Sheignoredtheteacher"sinstructionthatshemuststudyhard.2.ThequestionwhetherornotIshouldhelphiminsuchacasetroubledmegreatly.
★清華大學(xué)★英語系測試:為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果
★哈佛大學(xué)★英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。
官方網(wǎng)站:哈佛大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供
201*中考英語100條重點(diǎn)短語歸納1.~down:
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bepleasedwith對(duì)…感到滿意becoveredwith被…覆蓋
beexpectedtodosth.被期望做某事beproudof以…自豪beafraidof害怕speakhighlyof稱贊hearof聽說/(hearfromsb.收到某人的來信)ofcause=certainly當(dāng)然可以plentyof=alotof許多11.by~:
bytheway順便說byoneself單獨(dú),獨(dú)自bytheendof到…為至onebyone依次bythetime(引起時(shí)間狀語從句)到…的時(shí)候byair/plane乘飛機(jī)
bybus/train/car乘公共汽車/火車/轎車相關(guān):catchabus趕公交車
geton/offthebus上/下車
takeabusto…=goto…bybus乘車去…
12.do~:
do/tryone’sbest盡力doone’shomework做家庭作業(yè)do(the/some)shopping購物
dothecooking烹飪dosomecleaning打掃dothe/somewashing洗衣服dosport做運(yùn)動(dòng)dowithsb/sth.處理welldone干得好13.early~:
intheearlymorning一大早
intheearlyspring初春earlybus早班車inmyearlydays我幼年時(shí)期14.~to:
makeacontributionto貢獻(xiàn)給、捐獻(xiàn)makeatelephonecalltosb.=ringsb.up=givesb.acall=phonesb.給某人打電話connectAtoB把A與B連接起來
becloseto靠近(某地)givebirthto生(孩子)losetosb輸給sb.15.either~:
either…or…或者…或者..oneithersideofthestreet街道任何一邊/(oneachsideofthestreet街道每一邊onbothsidesofthestreet街道兩邊)16.~doingsth.:
keepdoingsth.不停地做某事(不間斷的連續(xù))keepondoingsth.堅(jiān)持做某事(有間斷的連續(xù))practisedoingsth.練習(xí)做某事enjoydoingsth.喜歡做某事finishdoingsth.做完某事
goondoingsth.繼續(xù)做某事(同一件事)17.go~:
goontodosth.接著做某事(另一事)gostraightalong沿著…一直往前走goup/down上升/下降goforawalk散步goover復(fù)習(xí)goshopping買東西
gotothecinema去看電影gowell進(jìn)展順利gooffto=leavefor動(dòng)身(出發(fā))前往…gotowork去上班wantago想試一試18.~about:
talkabout談?wù)搘orryabout擔(dān)心How/Whatabout…?…怎么樣?thinkabout考慮相關(guān):thinkof認(rèn)為、想起、考慮、想到
thinkover仔細(xì)考慮thinkout想出
19.~from:
fromdoortodoor挨家挨戶fromtimetotime時(shí)時(shí)fromnowon從今以后fromthenon從那以后bedifferentfrom與…不同learn…from…向…學(xué)習(xí)borrow…from…從…借….相關(guān):lend…to…把…借給…20.get~:
getdressed穿衣getinto進(jìn)入get/belost丟失getoff/on下/上車getonwellwithsb.與某人相處得好getoutof從…出來getwarm變曖getreadyfor+n.為…做準(zhǔn)備getreadytodosth.準(zhǔn)備做某事
getwell康復(fù)getachance有機(jī)會(huì)、得到機(jī)會(huì)get/gotosleep(fallasleep)入睡相關(guān):(beasleep睡著)21.look~:
lookfor尋找waitfor等候lookafter=takecareof照看looklike看起來像lookthesame看起來一樣lookover檢查,復(fù)習(xí)lookthrough溫習(xí),檢查lookout小心,從里向外看lookup向上看,查單詞lookaround環(huán)視lookforwardto期望22.~off:
setoff出發(fā)、動(dòng)身putoff推遲turnoff關(guān)takeoff脫(衣),(飛機(jī))起飛jumpoff跳離keepoff避開、不靠近…dropoff放下(某物)23.half~:
halfakilo半千克halfanhour半小時(shí)inhalf分成兩半halfoftheday半天24.~exercise:
doeye/morningexercises做眼保健/早操take(more)exercise(多)參加體育鍛煉anexercisebook練習(xí)本25.~in:
takepartin參加handin上交inhospital住院insurprise吃驚地inthesun在陽光下introuble處于困境inaminute/moment馬上26.~on:
feedon以…為主食liveon繼續(xù)活著baseon以…為根據(jù)carryon堅(jiān)持、繼續(xù)下去andsoon等等ontheotherhand另一方面onfoot步行28.be~介詞:
befamousfor以..著名beborn出生beexcitedabout+n./V-ing對(duì)…感到興奮beinterestedin對(duì)…感興趣beamazedat對(duì)..感到驚訝bebusywithsth.=bebusydoingsth.忙于…29.move~:
moveaway移開moveto(搬)移到…30.上網(wǎng):
searchtheInternet上網(wǎng)31.make~:
makesure確信makeadialogue編對(duì)話makeamistake犯錯(cuò)誤(bymistake由于疏忽)makeanoise吵鬧makefaces做鬼臉makefriends(with)和..交朋友
makeroomfor給..讓地方maketea沏茶makemoney賺錢makeadecision作出決定32.use~:
usedtodosth過去常常做某事beusedtodoingsth.習(xí)慣于做某事33.丟三落四:
leavesth+介詞短語(insomeplace)把…落在某處34.~todosth.:
forgettodosth.忘記去做某事
encouragesb.todosth.鼓勵(lì)某人做某事,decidetodosth.決定做某事allowsb.todosth.允許某人做某事35.hear~:
hearsb.todosth.=hearsb.doingsth.聽見某人(正在)做某事36.~withsth.:
helpsb.(to)dosth.=helpsb.withsth.幫助某人做某事withone’shelp在某人的幫助下withpleasure樂意37.寒/暑假:thesummerholiday(s)暑假thewinterholiday(s)寒假38.~into:
stepinto走進(jìn)pourinto倒入…39.~first:
inthefirst第一forthefirsttime第一次atfirst起初afirstlanguage母語firstofall首先40.~message:
leaveamessageforsb.給某人留條give/takesb.amessage給某人捎口信41.take~:
takephotos/pictures照像takeaway拿走takeout取出(workout算出)takecare當(dāng)心takemedicine服藥takeplace發(fā)生takeone’stemperature量體溫
takeone’stime別著急takeawalk散步42.learn~:
learnbyoneself=teachoneself自學(xué)learnbyheart背熟43.一年半:
ayearandahalf(oneandahalfyears)一年半44.have~:
haveatry嘗試,努力tryout嘗試、試驗(yàn)findout/about找出,查明havenoidea不知道haveagood/wonderful/greattime玩得開心havea(bad)cold(重)感冒
haveameeting/walk/watch開會(huì)/散步/比賽havesports進(jìn)行體育活動(dòng)
havenothing/sth.todowith與..無(有)關(guān)have(one’s)medicine服藥
45.提供:offersbsth.給某人提供某物46.獲獎(jiǎng):winfirstprize獲一等獎(jiǎng)47.全世界:allovertheworld=aroundtheworld=throughouttheworld48.各種各樣的:allkindsof49.既不…也不…:neither…nor50.表示“并列”:
notonly…butalso…,不但…而且…both…and……和…都51.越…越…:
themore,thebetter越多越好thetaller,thebetter越高越好52.一生:allone’slife53.as~as:
assoonas一…就…asif好像assoonaspossible盡可能早地、盡快aswell=too也regard…as把…當(dāng)作…asmuchas至多,和…一樣多aslittleas至少,54.無論…:nomatter
55.從那以后,此后一直:eversince56.~so:
sofar到目前為止orso大約57.表示“又,再”:anothertwohours=twomorehours又(再)2個(gè)小時(shí)58.一周三次:threetimesaweek59.~number:
thenumberof…的數(shù)量
a(large/good/great)numberof=largenumbersof=many許多,大量的60.less~:
lessthan少于lessandless越來越少62.直到…才…:not…until…63.like~:belike像feellike+n./V-ing想要likebest最喜歡wouldliketo想要64.24小時(shí)制:the24hourclock65.~away:
washaway沖走runaway逃跑takeaway帶走66.~long:
beforelong不久longbefore=longago很久以前forlong=foralongtime長期nolonger=notanylonger不再67.more~:
moreorless=about或多或少,大約morethan=over多于,超過68.every~:
everyyear每年everyfouryears每隔四年everyotherday每隔一天
everydayEnglish/life日常英語/生活69.next~:
nextto緊挨著nextdoor隔壁,鄰居nextyear明年nexttime下次70.收到來信:
receive/get/havealetterfromsb.=hearfromsb.收到某人的來信71.展覽:onshow=ondisplay72.充滿…:befilledwith=befullof73.由于:thankto=becauseof74.~day:
someday=oneday(將來)某一天allday終日dayandnight日日夜夜inadayortwo一兩天內(nèi)intheolddays從前,舊社會(huì)fromdaytoday(dayafterday)日復(fù)一日thedaybeforeyesterday前天thedayaftertomorrow后天
TreePlantingDay植樹節(jié)Women’sDay婦女節(jié)75.stop~:
keep/stop/prevent…(from)doingsth.防止(阻止)…做某事stoptodosth.停下來去做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事
76.很,非常:niceand+adj.=very+adj.77.名勝古跡:aplace(places)ofinterest78.表示“分?jǐn)?shù)”:
threequartersof……的四分之三twothirdsof…三分之二的…79.信用卡:creditcard80.表示“人口增長”:theincreasingpopulation增長著的人口81.旅行路線:apathoftravel82.指向:pointat/to83.~sea:
bysea=byship乘船atsea在海上bythesea=onthesea在海邊84.專心做某事:setone’smindtodosth.85.乘以…:multiply…by…86.see~:
Seeyou!再見Yousee.你知道,你明白,你瞧Letmesee.讓我想想seesb.off給某人送行seea/thedoctor看病87.表示“例舉”:
some…others…一些(人,物)…其他(人,物)…one…another一個(gè)..另一個(gè)(三者或以上)one…theother一個(gè)…另一個(gè)(總數(shù)二個(gè))88.~out:
bewornout穿舊,磨壞checkout核實(shí),檢查writeout寫出takesth.outof從…拿出/取出某物89.in~:
inthisway用這種方法inspace在太空inafewyear’stime幾年以后inandoutofclass在課內(nèi)課外inthelastfifteenminutes在最后十五分鐘里,inthesecondhalf在下半場laterinone’slife在某人的后半生
intheair在空中intheopenair在戶外90.打針:
givesb.aninjection給某人打針getaninjection打針91.去/到某地:
havebeento去過某地havegoneto到某地去了95.(隨身)攜帶:takesth.withsb.You’dbettertakeanumbrellawithyou.你最好帶上雨傘96.prefer~:
preferto=like…betterthan寧愿,更喜歡prefer+doing/todosth.喜歡做…Would/shouldprefertodo寧愿做。。。preferAtoB喜歡/愿意A而不喜歡/愿意Bprefertodo…ratherthando…喜歡做…而不喜歡…如:(Iprefertowalkthereratherthangobybus.我喜歡走著去那里,而不愿乘車)
prefer+名詞(代詞)todosth.寧愿…做…如:(Wepreferhernottocome.我們寧愿她不來)97.spend金錢/時(shí)間:
人+spend+time/money+(in)doingsth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢用來做…(in可省略)
人+spend+time/money+on+sth.在…上花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢人+pay+money+for+sth.=物+cost+(sb.)+money買…花費(fèi)了…(錢)
Ittakes(willtake/took)sb.time/money+todosth.做…花費(fèi)了某人…金錢/時(shí)間98.處理:dowith+sb./sth.99.介意/反對(duì)做…:
mind+if從句:(DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?我開窗你不反對(duì)吧?)
mind+doingsth.:(WouldyoumindturningontheTV?打開電視你不反對(duì)吧?)100.表示“為什么”:what…for?=why…?
(WhatdoyoulearnEnglishfor?=WhydoyoulearnEnglish?)101.需要:
need+名詞/doing:
Thestudentsneedsomehelp.學(xué)生們需要幫助.Thispairofshoesneedsmending.這雙鞋需要修理.102.用來做…:
beusedfor+sth./doingsth.被用來做...beusedas+sth.被作為…使用beusedbysb.(動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)被…使用103.制造:
bemadeof由…制造bemadefrom由…制成bemadein+地點(diǎn)某地制造bemadeby+人由誰制造的104.國家:
moredevelopedcountries發(fā)達(dá)國家lessdevelopedcountries不發(fā)達(dá)國家developingcountries發(fā)展中國家105.值得…:
beworth+money值…錢
beworth+doingsth.值得做…★哈佛大學(xué)★英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。官方網(wǎng)站:哈佛大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供
學(xué)英語簡單嗎?肯定會(huì)有許多學(xué)生說:—難死了‖。為什么有好多學(xué)生對(duì)英語的學(xué)習(xí)都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個(gè):—不得法。‖英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會(huì)如此流利?那是因?yàn)槟阒蒙碛谝粋(gè)漢語環(huán)境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準(zhǔn)說起英語來會(huì)非常流利。但很多中學(xué)生沒有很好的英語環(huán)境,那么你可以自己設(shè)置一個(gè)英語環(huán)境,堅(jiān)持—多說‖、—多聽‖、—多讀‖、—多寫‖,那么你的英語成績肯定會(huì)很出色。一、多—說‖。
自己多創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)與英語教師多講英語,見了同學(xué),尤其是和好朋友在一起時(shí)盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時(shí)候你需隨身攜帶一個(gè)英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時(shí)查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個(gè)單詞自然而然就會(huì)記住。千萬別把學(xué)英語當(dāng)成負(fù)擔(dān),始終把它當(dāng)成一件有趣的事情去做。
或許你有機(jī)會(huì)碰上外國人,你應(yīng)大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風(fēng)景、談學(xué)校……只是別問及他的年紀(jì),婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學(xué)過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)與老外聊天要比你與中國人談?dòng)⒄Z容易的多。因?yàn)樗湍憬徽剷r(shí)會(huì)用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發(fā)音準(zhǔn)確,準(zhǔn)能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達(dá)自己的思想。
如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關(guān)系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對(duì)象,對(duì)它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅(jiān)持下去你的口語肯定會(huì)有較大的提高。二、多—聽‖尋找一切可以聽英語的機(jī)會(huì)。別人用英語交談時(shí),你應(yīng)該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發(fā)音,男女老少,節(jié)奏快的慢的你都應(yīng)該接觸到,如果這樣的機(jī)會(huì)少的話,你可以選擇你不知內(nèi)容的文章去聽,這將會(huì)對(duì)你幫助很大,而你去聽學(xué)過的課文的磁帶,那將會(huì)對(duì)你的語言語調(diào)的學(xué)習(xí)有很大的幫助。三、多—讀‖。
—讀‖可以分為兩種。一種是—默讀‖。每天給予一定時(shí)間的練習(xí)將會(huì)對(duì)你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內(nèi)容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關(guān)系,所以經(jīng)過高中三年閱讀的訓(xùn)練后,你必定會(huì)在高考中勝券在握。另一種是—朗讀‖這是學(xué)語言必不可少的一種學(xué)習(xí)途徑。四、多—寫‖
有的同學(xué)總是抱怨時(shí)間緊,根本沒時(shí)間寫作文。其實(shí)—寫‖的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發(fā)生的一些重要的事情,或當(dāng)天學(xué)了某一個(gè)詞組,你可以創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)語境恰如其份地用上這個(gè)詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個(gè)詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學(xué)—wish‖一詞時(shí),可寫一小段如下:Theteacheroftenasksuswhatwewanttobeinthefuture.MygoodfriendTomwishestobeasoldier.However,I"mdifferent.IwishIwereateacherinthefuture.Butmymotherwishesmetobeadoctor.只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會(huì)深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。學(xué)習(xí)英語不用花大塊的時(shí)間,10分鐘的散步可以練"說",吃完飯后可以讀一會(huì)兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些時(shí)間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會(huì)很快提高的。背英語單詞技巧1、循環(huán)記憶法艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線
人的大腦是一個(gè)記憶的寶庫,人腦經(jīng)歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗(yàn)過的情感和情緒,練習(xí)過的動(dòng)作,都可以成為人們記憶的內(nèi)容。例如英文的學(xué)習(xí)中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內(nèi)容都是通過記憶完成的。從"記"到"憶"是有個(gè)過程的,這其中包括了識(shí)記、保持、再認(rèn)和回憶。有很多人在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,只注重了學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)時(shí)的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學(xué)習(xí)的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當(dāng)時(shí)的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認(rèn)同樣是達(dá)不到良好的效果的。
在信息的處理上,記憶是對(duì)輸入信息的編碼、貯存和提取的過程,從信息處理的角度上,英文的第一次學(xué)習(xí)和背誦只是一個(gè)輸入編碼的過程。人的記憶的能力從生理上講是十分驚人的,它可以存貯1015比特(byte,字節(jié))的信息,可是每個(gè)人的記憶寶庫被挖掘的只占10%,還有更多的記憶發(fā)揮空間。這是因?yàn),有些人只關(guān)注了記憶的當(dāng)時(shí)效果,卻忽視了記憶中的更大的問題--即記憶的牢固度問題,那就牽涉到心理學(xué)中常說的關(guān)于記憶遺忘的規(guī)律。一、艾賓浩斯記憶規(guī)律曲線解釋
德國有一位著名的心理學(xué)家名叫艾賓浩斯(Hermann
Ebbinghaus,1850-1909),他在1885年發(fā)表了他的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告后,記憶研究就成了心理學(xué)中被研究最多的領(lǐng)域之一,而艾賓浩斯正是發(fā)現(xiàn)記憶遺忘規(guī)律的第一人。
根據(jù)我們所知道的,記憶的保持在時(shí)間上是不同的,有短時(shí)的記憶和長時(shí)的記憶兩種。而我們平時(shí)的記憶的過程是這樣的:輸入的信息在經(jīng)過人的注意過程的學(xué)習(xí)后,便成為了人的短時(shí)的記憶,但是如果不經(jīng)過及時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),這些記住過的東西就會(huì)遺忘,而經(jīng)過了及時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),這些短時(shí)的記憶就會(huì)成為了人的一種長時(shí)的記憶,從而在大腦中保持著很長的時(shí)間。那么,對(duì)于我們來講,怎樣才叫做遺忘呢,所謂遺忘就是我們對(duì)于曾經(jīng)記憶過的東西不能再認(rèn)起來,也不能回憶起來,或者是錯(cuò)誤的再認(rèn)和錯(cuò)誤的回憶,這些都是遺忘。艾賓浩斯在做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的時(shí)候是拿自己作為測試對(duì)象的,他得出了一些關(guān)于記憶的結(jié)論。他選用了一些根本沒有意義的音節(jié),也就是那些不能拼出單詞來的眾多字母的組合,比如asww,cfhhj,ijikmb,rfyjbc等等。他經(jīng)過對(duì)自己的測試,得到了一些數(shù)據(jù)。
然后,艾賓浩斯又根據(jù)了這些點(diǎn)描繪出了一條曲線,這就是非常有名的揭示遺忘規(guī)律的曲線:艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線,圖中豎軸表示學(xué)習(xí)中記住的知識(shí)數(shù)量,橫軸表示時(shí)間(天數(shù)),曲線表示記憶量變化的規(guī)律。
這條曲線告訴人們在學(xué)習(xí)中的遺忘是有規(guī)律的,遺忘的進(jìn)程不是均衡的,不是固定的一天丟掉幾個(gè),轉(zhuǎn)天又丟幾個(gè)的,而是在記憶的最初階段遺忘的速度很快,后來就逐漸減慢了,到了相當(dāng)長的時(shí)候后,幾乎就不再遺忘了,這就是遺忘的發(fā)展規(guī)律,即"先快后慢"的原則。觀察這條遺忘曲線,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)得的知識(shí)在一天后,如不抓緊復(fù)習(xí),就只剩下原來的25%)。隨著時(shí)間的推移,遺忘的速度減慢,遺忘的數(shù)量也就減少。有人做過一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),兩組學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)一段課文,甲組在學(xué)習(xí)后不久進(jìn)行一次復(fù)習(xí),乙組不予復(fù)習(xí),一天后甲組保持98%,乙組保持56%;一周后甲組保持83%,乙組保持33%。乙組的遺忘平均值比甲組高。二、不同性質(zhì)材料有不同的遺忘曲線
而且,艾賓浩斯還在關(guān)于記憶的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),記住12個(gè)無意義音節(jié),平均需要重復(fù)16.5次;為了記住36個(gè)無意義章節(jié),需重復(fù)54次;而記憶六首詩中的480個(gè)音節(jié),平均只需要重復(fù)8次!這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)告訴我們,凡是理解了的知識(shí),就能記得迅速、全面而牢固。不然,愣是死記硬背,那也是費(fèi)力不討好的。因此,比較容易記憶的是那些有意義的材料,而那些無意義的材料在記憶的時(shí)候比較費(fèi)力氣,在以后回憶起來的時(shí)候也很不輕松。因此,艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線是關(guān)于遺忘的一種曲線,而且是對(duì)無意義的音節(jié)而言,對(duì)于與其他材料的對(duì)比,艾賓浩斯又得出了不同性質(zhì)材料的不同遺忘曲線,不過他們大體上都是一致的。
因此,艾賓浩斯的實(shí)驗(yàn)向我們充分證實(shí)了一個(gè)道理,學(xué)習(xí)要勤于復(fù)習(xí),而且記憶的理解效果越好,遺忘的也越慢。
三、不同的人有不同的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線--個(gè)性化的艾賓浩斯上述的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線是艾賓浩斯在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中經(jīng)過了大量測試后,產(chǎn)生了不同的記憶數(shù)據(jù),從而生成的一種曲線,是一個(gè)具有共性的群體規(guī)律。此記憶曲線并不考慮接受試驗(yàn)個(gè)人的個(gè)性特點(diǎn),而是尋求一種處于平衡點(diǎn)的記憶規(guī)律。
但是記憶規(guī)律可以具體到我們每個(gè)人,因?yàn)槲覀兊纳硖攸c(diǎn)、生活經(jīng)歷不同,可能導(dǎo)致我們有不同的記憶習(xí)慣、記憶方式、記憶特點(diǎn)。規(guī)律對(duì)于自然人改造世界的行為,只能起一個(gè)催化的作用,如果與每個(gè)人的記憶特點(diǎn)相吻合,那么就如順?biāo)畵P(yáng)帆,一日千里;如果與個(gè)人記憶特點(diǎn)相悖,記憶效果則會(huì)大打折扣。因此,我們要根據(jù)每個(gè)人的不同特點(diǎn),尋找到屬于自己的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線2》如何學(xué)英語下定決心,堅(jiān)持不懈
英語學(xué)習(xí)作為一門語言技能,通過大量的訓(xùn)練和練習(xí)任何人是可以掌握的。一般地說,英語學(xué)習(xí)的原則是聽、說領(lǐng)先,讀、寫跟上。李揚(yáng)的瘋狂英語提倡,首先建立起我能學(xué)好英語的信心,然后以句子為單位,大量地模仿,瘋狂地操練,大聲地朗讀,最后達(dá)到自如地說英語,他的方法對(duì)提高說英語的能力很奏效。鐘道隆教授45歲開始學(xué)英語,一年后,學(xué)成出國當(dāng)口語翻譯,并創(chuàng)造了逆苦惱、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向?qū)W習(xí)英語的方法。他還提出學(xué)習(xí)英語要遵循聽、寫、說、背、想的方法,他的方法強(qiáng)調(diào)以聽為主,并且把所聽到的內(nèi)容全部寫下來。尤其是他的學(xué)習(xí)精神最可佳,他學(xué)習(xí)英語用壞了十幾臺(tái)錄音機(jī),你可想象他聽了多少英語;用完的圓珠筆芯幾乎裝滿了一個(gè)一拉罐,你可想象他寫了多少,在一年半內(nèi),累計(jì)業(yè)余學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)間大約三千小時(shí),也就說每天抽出幾個(gè)小時(shí)來學(xué)英語。如果我們做到他那樣,一定也能學(xué)好英語。最重要的是堅(jiān)持,只要能下定決心,堅(jiān)持每天至少一個(gè)小時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)英語,戰(zhàn)勝自我最后肯定會(huì)有收獲的。★哈佛大學(xué)★英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。
官方網(wǎng)站:哈佛大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供注意方法,循序漸進(jìn)
決心下定,還注意學(xué)習(xí)方法,有時(shí)根據(jù)自己的情況和不同的學(xué)習(xí)目的,選擇不同的學(xué)習(xí)方法,但是學(xué)習(xí)英語一定要踏踏實(shí)實(shí)地、一步一個(gè)腳印地走。要把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)掌握好,也就是說,發(fā)音要正確、基本詞匯要掌握牢、基本句式要熟練、基本語法要會(huì)用。(1)要過好語音關(guān)。把每一個(gè)音標(biāo)發(fā)正確,注意改正有問題的音素,特別是那些容易混淆的音素,盡早地掌握國際音標(biāo),并盡量的掌握一些讀音規(guī)則,盡快地能利用讀音規(guī)則來拼單詞,掌握讀音規(guī)則對(duì)單詞的記憶和拼寫非常有用。
(2)掌握一定數(shù)量的英語單詞。對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)者來說掌握英語詞匯是一難關(guān),學(xué)習(xí)單詞要從單詞的形、音、義這三方面去掌握,要注意單詞的一詞多義,一詞多類的用法,要學(xué)會(huì)一些構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí),來擴(kuò)展詞匯量。學(xué)習(xí)單詞要在語言材料中去學(xué),要結(jié)合詞組,通過句子,閱讀文章來活記單詞,死記的單詞是記不牢的。堅(jiān)持在讀、說前,先反復(fù)聽,聽的時(shí)候反應(yīng)單詞、句子的意思和節(jié)奏,想一下單詞的拼法、句子結(jié)構(gòu)。并要同學(xué)習(xí)語法規(guī)則有機(jī)結(jié)合起來進(jìn)行。
(3)掌握好基本語法。語法在學(xué)習(xí)英語中也很重要,它能幫助我們把握住英語的基本規(guī)律,通過例句或語言現(xiàn)象把死的語法規(guī)則要記住,活的規(guī)則要通過做大量的練習(xí)掌握。總之學(xué)習(xí)英語要通過聽、說、讀、寫、譯來進(jìn)行操練,不但要注意數(shù)量,更重要的是要注意質(zhì)量,尤其是基本知識(shí)要掌握的準(zhǔn)確,熟練。只有經(jīng)過大量的實(shí)踐,才能做到熟能生巧,運(yùn)用自如。提前預(yù)習(xí),有的放矢
作為學(xué)生,在每次上課前,都要對(duì)要學(xué)的課文提前預(yù)習(xí)。首先在音標(biāo)的幫助下試著拼讀單詞,也可以借助配套磁帶反復(fù)聽,對(duì)比一下,把握不準(zhǔn)的要標(biāo)出來,注意上課老師的發(fā)音,還要記一下單詞的漢語意思和詞性。借助課文的注釋或輔導(dǎo)材料,預(yù)習(xí)一遍課文,找出不明白的地方,做到心中有數(shù),在教師講課時(shí)注意聽這些地方。總之,預(yù)習(xí)的目的是熟悉要學(xué)的內(nèi)容,找出不明白的地方,帶著問題聽課,做到有的放矢。認(rèn)真聽課,積極配合
課堂是老師與學(xué)生一起學(xué)習(xí)、掌握、運(yùn)用知識(shí)的主要場所。作為起主導(dǎo)作用的老師一方引導(dǎo)學(xué)生搞好課堂教學(xué)是很必要的,但也需要學(xué)習(xí)者的積極配合。上課要專心聽講、作好筆記、認(rèn)真操練、積極思考。預(yù)習(xí)時(shí)出現(xiàn)的問題在課堂上教師沒有講到的,要向老師提出,把問題搞清楚,老師講授的問題,先注意聽,下課后整理一下筆記,反復(fù)思考一下這些問題,抓住老師所講的重點(diǎn),難點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)。總之,上課時(shí)要做到耳聽、眼觀、嘴動(dòng)、腦想,調(diào)動(dòng)起多個(gè)感官來。完成作業(yè),找出問題
學(xué)完每一課,要認(rèn)真完成課后作業(yè)。做作業(yè)時(shí)一定不要看參考書上題的答案,做完后再對(duì)答案,對(duì)于作業(yè)中所出現(xiàn)的不明白的問題,應(yīng)該記下來,等下次上課時(shí)提出來。做作業(yè)是英語學(xué)習(xí)的很重要的環(huán)節(jié),它是消化知識(shí)和鞏固知識(shí)的過程,一定要認(rèn)真完成規(guī)定的作業(yè),筆頭作業(yè)要?jiǎng)右粍?dòng)筆,口頭作業(yè)要?jiǎng)右粍?dòng)嘴,提高聽力要練一練耳,課文在聽和讀的基礎(chǔ)上,最好背誦某些精彩段落。總之,要做大量的練習(xí),英語是練出來的,一定不要偷懶。及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí),鞏固知識(shí)
學(xué)會(huì)了的東西隨著時(shí)間的流逝會(huì)逐漸遺忘,但學(xué)語言有遺忘現(xiàn)象是正常的。更不必因?yàn)橛羞z忘現(xiàn)象而影響自己學(xué)好英語的信心與決心。問題在于怎樣來減輕遺忘的程度。善于類比,總結(jié)知識(shí),把新學(xué)的知識(shí)同過去學(xué)的有關(guān)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行橫向和縱向比較和聯(lián)系。建立錯(cuò)誤檔案記錄,加深印象,以避免再反同樣錯(cuò)誤。我們大部分知識(shí)和技能是靠重復(fù)獲得的,及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)于記憶非常必要,學(xué)英語就是要堅(jiān)持天天不斷的練,不斷地重復(fù)基本句型,常用詞匯和基本語法等。學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程也是同遺忘做斗爭的過程。
總而言之,只要你能做到下定決心學(xué),注意學(xué)習(xí)方法,把課前預(yù)習(xí),認(rèn)真聽課,完成作業(yè),及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)這些環(huán)節(jié)作好了,你一定能夠?qū)W好英語
★哈佛大學(xué)★英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。
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201*---201*學(xué)年(下)第一次階段練習(xí)(ClassB.C.D)姓名:_______原班級(jí):______考試時(shí)間:45分鐘分值:120分
分層次教學(xué)進(jìn)行了三周了,大家在這種新的教學(xué)模式下學(xué)習(xí)情況是我們一直關(guān)心的事。下面就讓你們的成績告訴我們你們有多棒吧!
I.單項(xiàng)選擇(每小題2分,共40分)
()1.Where_____she_________?---SheisfromShanghai.
A.is,fromB.does,fromC.be,from
()2.Isthereapostofficenearhere?
A.Yes,thereis.B.No,itisn’tC.Yes,there
isn’t.
()3.________.Where’sthebank?It’sonGreenStreet.A.ExcusemeB.SorryC.Hello()4.Where_____helive?He___Tokyo.
A.is,liveinB.is,livesinC.does,livesin()5.Let’sgoand___thedolphins.
A.seeB.listenC.look
()6.Thisisthe_____ofthegardentour.
.A.beginB.tobeginC.beginning()7.Hesleeps____day,but____nightheeatsleaves.
A.during,attheB.duringthe,atC.during,at
()8.Welcome_____mynewhouse.
A.toB.inC/
()9.____________?Becausetheyaresmart.
A.Whatisit?B.Howarethey?C.Whydoyoulikemonkeys?D.Wherearepandas
from?
()10.Jennywants____anactor.
A.beB.tobeC.is
()11.It’s_____excitingjob.Ilikeit.
A.anB.aC./
()12.What____Mary____tobe?
A.do,wantB.does,wantsC.does,want
()13.Pleasewrite____meandtellme____yourself.
A.to,ofB.to,aboutC.with,about()14.BridgeStreetisagoodplacetohave_____.
A.funB.afunC.funs
()15.Godownthisstreet,youcanfindaschoolnext___abank.
A.onB.toC.in
()16.Ihaveasmallhouse_____aninterestinggarden.
A.withB.forC.to
()17.Bridgestreetisagoodplacetohave___.
A.funsB.afunC.funs
()18.Thereisarestaurant____theparkandthehotel.
A.acrossfromB.betweenC.behind
()19.Myfatherisadoctor.Heworksina____
A.restaurantB.bankC.hospital.
()20.Sheworksinaschool____anEnglishteacher.
A.likeB.asC.at
II.從B欄中找出與A欄中各句相對(duì)應(yīng)的答語(20分)
(A)
()1.Isheyournewpenpal?A.HelivesinNewYork.
()2.Whatdoesyoursisterwanttobe?B.Shewantstobeadoctor.
()3.Whereisyourpenpalfrom?C.Yes,heis.
()4.WheredoesSamlive?D.SheisfromCanada
()5.DoesMikehaveanybrothersandsisters?E.No,hedoesn’t.
(B)
A.Yes,hedoes.
B.Hewantstobeapoliceman.
C.Yes,heis.
D.Heteachesmathinamiddleschool.
E.It’sverydangerous.
A:Amy,isyourfatherabankclerk?B:_________
A:Doeshelikehisjob?
B:No,he’stoobusy._______
A.Whydoeshewanttobeapoliceman?_____
B:It’sdangerousbutreallyexciting.Whataboutyourfather?A:He’sateacher.He______B:Doeshelikehisjob?
A:_______Hethinksit’sveryinteresting.
1.
1.WhereisLeiHaofrom?
A.He’sfromChinaB.He’sfromJapanC.He’sfromDalian,China.
2.LeiHao’sfavoritesportsare______.A.Basketballandfootball.
B.Ping-pongandfootballC.Basketballandfootball
3.Whatfooddoesn’tLeiHaolike?A.Applesandtomatoes.B.meatandoranges.C.Eeggsandapples.
4.WhatlanguagedoesLeiHaospeak?
A.HespeaksChineseandalittleFrench.B.HespeaksChinese.C.HespeaksJapanese.
5.Ifyouwanttomakefriends(交朋友)withLeiHao,whatcanyoudo?
A.WriteanE-mail.B.Makeaphonecall.C.Writealetter.
IV.選詞填空.(每小題1分,共10分)kindofmyyearshiscleverhavetimeiseatssleepsHello,boysandgirls!_______nameisLingLing.I’mfive________old.I’mfromChina.I’mverybeautiful,butI’m
____________shy.NowI_______anewfriend.______nameis
III閱讀理解(每小題2分,共10分)Bill.HeisfromAustralia.Heisonlythreeyearsold.Heisvery_________.Ilikehimverymuch.Healways_______duringtheday,butatnighthegetsupand___________leaves.Mytelephonenumber___896-6784.Oh,IliveintheGreenzoo.Ifyouhave_______,pleasecometoseeme.V.完形填空(每空兩分,共20分)DearStudent,
MynameisBob.Ilive1Toronto,Canada,andIwantapenpalinChina.IthinkChinais2interestingcountry.I’m143oldandmybirthdayis4November.Ican5Englishand6French.Ihaveabrother,Paul,andasister,Sarah.TheyhavepenpalsintheUnitedKingdomandAustralia.Ilike7tothemovies8myfriendsand9sports.MyfavoritesubjectinschoolisP.E.It’sfun.Idon’tlikemath.It’stoodifficult!
Canyouwrite10mesoon?
Bob()1.A.inB.onC.at()2.A.aB.anC.the()3.A.yearB.monthsC.years()4.A.atB.OnC.in()5.A.sayB.tellCspeak
()6.A.alittleB.manyC.afew()7.A.goingB.goesC.go()8.A.toB.withC.for()9.A.toplayB.playsC.playing()10.A.toB.forC.at
VI.拼寫單詞(每空一分,共10分)1.Sheisfrom________(加拿大)
2.Thekoalasarevery__________(可愛的)
3.Sheisvery________(害羞的),______(所以)pleasebequiet.4Heisapoliceman,hisjobis_____________(有點(diǎn))dangerous.5.What________(其他的)animalsdoyou_________(喜歡)?6.Myhouseisbetweenabigsupermarketandas______supermarket.
7.Iwanttogotothez_____becauseIwanttoseethegiraffes.VII句型轉(zhuǎn)換:(每空一分,共10分)1.Heisadoctor.(就劃線提問)What_______he_______?2.Iwanttobeanactor(就劃線提問)
What_____you___________________?3.Thereisanoldhoternearhere.(改為一般疑問句)_______thereanoldhotel______here?4.Mysisterworksinahospital.(就劃線提問)______________yoursisterwork?
★清華大學(xué)★英語系測試:為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果
初二英語下學(xué)期期末試題
(本試卷滿分120分,請將答案填寫在答題紙上)
I.單項(xiàng)填空(本題共20小題,每小題1分,滿分20分)
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)
1.Inwinterwhenit’swarmoutsidehere,peoplewouldliketodosome______sports.
A.interestingB.waterC.outdoorD.exciting
2.Ourheadteacheriskindtous.Weseeher______afriendofours.
A.forB.asC.toD.on
3.Mostgirlsliketo________dollsofBarbiewhileboyslikemodelcars.
A.makeB.collectC.mendD.paint
4.WhenIstayathomebymyselfonarainyday,Ioftenfeel______andunhappy.
A.lonelyB.livelyC.lovelyD.friendly5.---Motheroften_________thekitchenaftercooking.SometimesIhelpherdoit.
A.tidiesupB.wakesupC.getsupD.putsup6._______doyouthinkyourfuturewillbelike?---Wonderful,Ithink.
A.A.HowB.WhichC.WhatD.Why
7.---Ienjoyreadingbooksathomeduringweekends.---___________
A.Comethisway.B.Goodidea!C.Doyoureally?D.Me,too!
8.Theoldmancanrememberwhathappenedmanyyearsago.Hehasagood______.
A.mindB.memoryC.headD.heart9.Ourschoolfootballteamhaswoneverymatchthisyear.Wefeel
very_______them.
A.famousforB.proudofC.interestedinD.angrywith
10.Whenyoucheckyourhomework,please________forspellingmistakes.
A.lookatB.lookoutC.lookupD.lookthrough11.---Didyouwatchthefootballmatchlastnight?---Yes.It’shardtobelieve.Thestrongestteam______thematch.
A.wonB.lostC.beatD.failed12.Ihaven’tseenhimforyearsbuthehas_______changedatall.A.quicklyB.nearlyC.hardlyD.lately
13.WhatdidMarysay?Shesaid______shewantedtohaveanicecream.
A.ifB.whenC.thatD.whether14.---Ifelldownandhurtmylegsyesterday.---___________
A.I’msorry!B.Ah,that’snice!C.Lookatthat!D.Lookafteryourself!
15.Grandpamightgototheparkforawalk,butit________theweather.
A.hopesforB.dreamsofC.dependsonD.countsdown
16.---Look!Thefactoryispouringwastegasintothesky!---That’sterrible!Whynot______themdoingthat?
A.avoidB.protectC.suggestD.stop17.I’mreally__________ourholiday.IwanttogoonatriptoHainan.
A.lookingforwardtoB.friendlytoC.facetofacewithD.thinkingof
18.Herefusedtogiveupsmoking________thedoctorsaiditwasbadforhishealth.
A.becauseB.ifC.whyD.although
19.Sallysaidthatherhandandarm______,soshedidn’twanttoplayattheconcert.
hurtB.brokenC.burnD.crossed
20.---Sorry,Ididn’tknowitwasaone-waystreet,officer.---__________.
A.That’sallright.B.Sorry,butthere’snoexcuse.C.Thesametoyou.D.What’supthere?II.完型填空(一).(共10小題,每小題1分,滿分10分)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意。然后從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
Jimmystartedpaintingwhenhewasfouryearsold.Whenhewassix,hewasalreadyverygoodatit.He___21____manybeautifulandinterestingpictures,andpeople____22____alotofmoneyforthem.Theysaid,—Thisboy’sgoingtobe____23____whenhe’salittleolder,andthenwe’regoingto____24____thesepicturesforalotmoremoney.Thenwewillgetrich.‖Jimmy’spictureswere____25____fromotherpeople’sbecauseheneverpaintedonthewholepieceof____26____.Hepaintedonhalfofit,andtheotherhalfwasalways____27____.—That’sveryclever,‖everyonesaid,—____28____elsedoesthat!‖
OnedaysomebodyboughtoneofJimmy’s____29____andthensaidtohim,—Pleasetellmethis,Jimmy.Whydoyoupaintonthebottom(底部)halfofyourpaper,butnotonthe____30____half?‖
—BecauseI’msmall,‖Jimmysaid,—andmybrushesdon’treachveryhigh.‖
21.A.tookB.borrowedC.lentD.painted
22.A.paidB.boughtC.wantedD.needed
23.A.youngB.famousC.shortD.cool
24.A.fillB.buyC.sellD.draw
25.A.differentB.similarC.swayD.good26.A.glassB.floorC.paperD.table
27.A.emptyB.fullC.dirtyD.blue
28.A.AnybodyB.SomebodyC.EverybodyD.Nobody
29.A.brushesB.booksC.picturesD.pens
30.A.middleB.toC.rightD.left
III.閱讀理解(一)(本題共15小題,每小題2分,滿分30分)閱讀下列短文,從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。(A)Coolfactsaroundtheworld
(1)BeforeDisneymade—TheLionking‖,thefilmmakersspenttwoweeksinAfrica.Theywatchedlionscatchanimals.Theyevenplayedwithbabylions.Thentheydrewpicturestocreate(創(chuàng)造)lionsinthefilm.
(2)OnNewYear’sEve,everyfamilyinDenmark(丹麥)collectsbrokenpiecesofcupsorglassesintheirhouses.Thentheysecretlyputthesepiecesatthedoorsoftheirfriends’
(3)Haveyoueverplayedcards?Thefour
suits(花色)meanthefourseasons:spring,
summer,autumnandwinter.Thetwocolors,
redandblack,meandayandnight.The52
cardsmeanthe52weeksoftheyear.Ineach
suit,thereare13cards.Thisisforthe13
weeksineachseasonoftheyear.31.In
Passage(1)thefilmmakersstayedinAfricato_______.A.playwithbabylionsB.drawpicturesoflions
C.watchhowlionscatchanimalsD.createlionsinthefilm
32.AccordingtoPassage(2),peoplewillhavehappiernewyearifthey_______.
houseslateatnight.Thenextmorning,theygetuptoseehowmanypiecesthereareinfrontoftheirownhouses.Themorepiecesthereare,themorefriendstheyhave.Andthenewyearwillbehappier.A.breakmorecupsorglassesinfrontoftheirownhousesB.getmorepiecesofcupsorglassesinfrontoftheirownhouses
C.collectmorepiecesofcupsorglassesinfrontoftheirfriends’houses
D.putmorepiecesofcupsorglassesatthedoorsoftheirfriends’houses
33.InPassage(3),the13cardsmeanthenumberof_____ineachseasonoftheyear.
A.monthsB.weeksC.daysD.nights
34.Passage(3)mainlytellsabout_________.
A.cardsuitsB.cardcolorsC.cardmeaningsD.cardgames
35.Youcanreadtheseinterestingfactsprobably_________.A.inadiaryB.inanoticeC.onapostcardD.inanewspaper(B)
I’mSteve.IwasbornandgrewupinSouthWales.Myfavoriteplacetoplaywasoutonthehills.There,myimaginationhadplentyofspacetoexpand(拓展).
MyfamilymovedoutofWaleswhenIwasthirteen.Iwenttoanewschool.OneofmysubjectswasFrench.BecauseIhadneverlearnedanyFrench,myteachertoldmetositinthecornerandwriteanythingIwasinterestedin.That’sthetimeIstartedwriting,justformyself,andI’vebeenwritingeversince.IhavealwayslovedBIGIDEAS,andsoIenjoywritingfantasticstories.AndIalsowritehorror(恐怖的)stories.Ithinktheyareliketheoldfairytales(童話故事).Andcanteachyouimportantthings.
I’minmyfortiesontheoutside,twelveontheinside.Ilikerockmusic,IndianandChinesefood,andIenjoydrinking.IliveinasmallvillagewithmywifeMary,ducks,cats,goats,hensandlotsofrabbits.Ifyou’dliketofindoutmoreaboutmeandhopetobuymybooks,gotosbowkett.Freeserve.co.uk36.Whenhewas13,thewriter_______.
A.wrotelotsofpoemsB.movedoutofWalesC.soldmanystorybooksD.becameafamoussinger
37.Helikedplayingoutonthehillsbecausehecould________.A.expandhisimaginationB.learnFrenchC.listentomusicD.buysomebooks38.Maybethewriteris________yearsoldnow.
A.12B.22C.32D.39.Accordingtothepassage,thewriterkeeps__________.A.cats,hens,andpigsB.ducks,goatsandrabbits
C.hens,rabbitsanddogsD.rabbits,pigsandcats
40.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthatthewriter__________.A.livesinabigcitywithhissonB.likeseatingJapaneseandIndianfood
C.livesinthecountrysidewithhiswifeD.introducesanicebooktous(C)
Amancamehomefromworklate,tired,tofindhis5-year-oldsonwaitingforhimatthedoor.
—Daddy,howmuchmoneydoyoumakeanhour?‖—Ifyoumustknow,Imake$20anhour.‖
—Oh,‖thelittleboyreplied,withhisheaddown.Hethoughtforamoment,lookedupandsaid,—Daddy,couldyoulendme$10?‖
Thefatherwasfurious,—Ifyouaskedforthemoneytobuyatoyorsomeotherrubbish,thengostraighttoyourroomandthinkaboutwhyyouarebeingsoselfish(自私的)!‖
Thelittleboyquietlywenttohisroomandshutthedoor.Afteraboutanhourorso,thefathercalmed(平靜)down,andstartedtothink,—Maybehereallyneedstobuysomethingandhedidn’treallyaskformoneyveryoften.‖Sohewenttothelittleboy’sroom.
—Sorry!MaybeIwastoohardonyoujustnow.‖saidtheman,—Here’s$10.‖
—Oh,thankyou,Daddy!‖hesaidhappily.Thentheboytookoutsomecoins.Whenthefatherfoundthattheboyalreadyhadmoney,hegotangryagain.
—Whydoyouwantmoremoneysinceyoualreadyhavesome?‖thefathershoutedangrily.
—BecauseIdidn’thaveenough,butnowIdo.‖Thelittleboyreplied,—Daddy,Ihave$20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleasecomehomeearlytomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.‖
41.Howmuchdoestheboy’sfathermakeanhour?__________.A.$10B.$20C.$30D.$40
42.Inthispassage,theunderlinedword—furious‖means__________.
A.veryangryB.quitehappyC.tooexcitedD.alittlenervous43.Atfirst,thefatherrefusedtolendtheboyanymoneybecause________.
A.hedidnothaveenoughmoneyatthatmoment
B.hethoughttheboywantedtokeepthemoneyforhimselfC.hethoughttheboywouldbuysomethingofnouseD.theboyalwaysborrowedmoneyfromhim
44.Theboywantedtobuy_________withtwentydollars.A.anewbookforhimselfB.anicepresentforhisfather
C.atoyforhisownbirthdayD.anhourofhisfather’stime
45.Fromthepassage,wecaninfer(推斷)thattheboy’sfather_________.
A.oftenplayedwithhissonB.spentlittletimewithhisson
C.didn’tlovehissonatallD.oftencamebackhomeearly
IV.情景交際(本題共5小題;每小題2分,滿分10分)根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
A:Hi,Tina._____46_____?B:Itwasfantastic,reallyfantastic.
友情提示:本文中關(guān)于《初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句)》給出的范例僅供您參考拓展思維使用,初中英語語法總結(jié)(從句):該篇文章建議您自主創(chuàng)作。
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