09工商管理物流 信息員工作總結(jié)-伍世立
信息員工作總結(jié)
在過(guò)去的一學(xué)期中,我有幸成為了廣州學(xué)院經(jīng)管系09級(jí)的信息員之一。我覺(jué)得,作為學(xué)生信息員,要充分發(fā)揮自己的主觀能動(dòng)性,積極參與到學(xué)校的教學(xué)工作,教學(xué)管理以及學(xué)生生活當(dāng)中去,真正將同學(xué)們對(duì)于學(xué)校各個(gè)方面的情況如實(shí)地進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。所以我在過(guò)去的半年中主要從以下幾方面入手我的信息員工作:1.輔助老師增加教學(xué)質(zhì)量,作為一個(gè)信息員我,應(yīng)該更多地接觸老師,參與到學(xué)校的教學(xué)管理中去,對(duì)于管理運(yùn)行機(jī)制有較多地了解。我不僅對(duì)于同學(xué)們的意見(jiàn)細(xì)心收集,積極反應(yīng),同時(shí)也充分發(fā)揮了老師和同學(xué)們之間的橋梁紐帶作用,市場(chǎng)關(guān)注老師們對(duì)于學(xué)校教學(xué)管理的意見(jiàn)和建意。我也積極征求同門(mén)們對(duì)于上課的意見(jiàn)。
2.團(tuán)結(jié)同學(xué),正所謂“集眾家之所長(zhǎng)”,同學(xué)們的意見(jiàn)常常起關(guān)鍵的作用,并且出發(fā)點(diǎn)和觀察問(wèn)題的角度更加寬廣了。如果作為教學(xué)信息員,只從自己的主觀意愿出發(fā),常常會(huì)有偏見(jiàn)的。因此我注意和其他同學(xué)交流意見(jiàn),從他們身上發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,集思廣益。我相信學(xué)校和老師也會(huì)越來(lái)越重視學(xué)生的意見(jiàn)。我也會(huì)做好本職的工作。
3.細(xì)心觀察。在信息員的工作和學(xué)習(xí)中經(jīng)常存在一些細(xì)小的難以察覺(jué)的問(wèn)題。這就需要認(rèn)真地觀察和總結(jié)了,比如收某個(gè)教室的黑板和平臺(tái)出了點(diǎn)小問(wèn)題,還有同學(xué)們遲到早退的問(wèn)題,都值得改進(jìn)的,但是我們不能不管。
4.最后一點(diǎn)是,我們要熱愛(ài)這一份工作,作為學(xué)校直接聘任的職務(wù),我覺(jué)得很光榮,也有壓力,但是在過(guò)去的半年里,我對(duì)于信息員的活動(dòng)積極參與,對(duì)于上級(jí)的任務(wù)按時(shí)完成,也會(huì)和其他的信息員交流經(jīng)驗(yàn),盡可能把學(xué)生信息員的工作做好,真正體現(xiàn)出我們這個(gè)群體的意義和價(jià)值。
一個(gè)學(xué)期很快過(guò)去了,對(duì)于這個(gè)學(xué)期發(fā)生的奇聞趣事歷歷在目,很多門(mén)課程轉(zhuǎn)眼就結(jié)束了。我們作為信息員不但關(guān)注課程上了多少,還要注重課程的質(zhì)量,同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)效果才是更重的事情,這個(gè)學(xué)期做得不夠好的地方也有一些。我期待在以后的工作中也能做得更好,幫助老師和同學(xué)們提高教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)的效率,爭(zhēng)取讓我們班的總體情況變得更好。201*年6月10日伍世立
擴(kuò)展閱讀:本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)翻譯 伍世立
華南理工大學(xué)廣州學(xué)院
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)翻譯
英文原文名EnsuringtheConsistencyofCompetitiveStrategyand
LogisticPerformanceManagement
中文譯名確保物流管理和績(jī)效的一致性
學(xué)院管理學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)工商管理7班學(xué)生姓名伍世立學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)201*30133094指導(dǎo)教師劉飛燕講師填表日期201*年5月15日
二一三年五月英文原文版出處:
譯文成績(jī):指導(dǎo)教師(導(dǎo)師組長(zhǎng))簽名:
譯文:
確保競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略和物流績(jī)效管理的一致性
摘要
生產(chǎn)企業(yè)經(jīng)常只是達(dá)到降低物流績(jī)效和物流宗旨、物流績(jī)效目標(biāo)、物流績(jī)效管理行為之間的矛盾的水平。定性的模型是影響他們兩個(gè)之間相互依賴水平的因素。首先是物流活動(dòng)之間,第二是物流績(jī)效方法和物流計(jì)劃與控制參數(shù)。專家認(rèn)識(shí)的得到是來(lái)自關(guān)于物流系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)定性的影響模型的解釋和評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)態(tài)行為的建模。在這基礎(chǔ)上,一致的物流目標(biāo)能夠定義和明確,導(dǎo)向計(jì)劃和控制行為也能夠辨認(rèn)。那個(gè)模型見(jiàn)解是整合物流績(jī)效分析程序和使用工具提高物流師理解他們的管理決策和提高物流績(jī)效的
閉合管理的效果。
關(guān)鍵詞:物流績(jī)效,績(jī)效管理,定性模型
1、介紹
生產(chǎn)企業(yè)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是基于產(chǎn)品功能,產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)舒適性價(jià)格產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和物流績(jī)效。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)二分之一的起源來(lái)自于策略設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品或產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立性。優(yōu)勢(shì)基于后面三個(gè)因素首先要設(shè)置足夠的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo),第二,他們也依靠?jī)?yōu)越的使用性能。為了達(dá)到所需要的性能水平,制造企業(yè)必須確保他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略和他們的運(yùn)行績(jī)效的管理行為是一致的。這個(gè)特別適用于上文的物流績(jī)效。物流績(jī)效目標(biāo)之間和因?yàn)闊o(wú)規(guī)劃和控制參數(shù)的不一致,是物流性能過(guò)剩的根源之一。物流績(jī)效作為一個(gè)重要客戶,購(gòu)買標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展成了一個(gè)證明制造公司成功的因素。這些公司必須配備績(jī)效管理方法去支持他們避免這些矛盾。
作為一個(gè)解決方案,本文提出了定性物流影響模型和一個(gè)對(duì)物流績(jī)效診斷的方法。它首先提供了一個(gè)大概后果,就是物流戰(zhàn)略管理決策要物流績(jī)效管理操作。第二,它介紹了兩種類型的定性影響模型這代表了物流行為和物流績(jī)效之間和物流計(jì)劃和控制參數(shù)的相互依賴關(guān)系。一般來(lái)自對(duì)這些模型的評(píng)價(jià)都是概括性的。第三,作為影響模型的實(shí)際應(yīng)用,這文章提出了一種診斷程序和軟件工具是影響制造公司操作物流績(jī)效的因素。2連接戰(zhàn)略上和操作的物流管理
由于第1節(jié)中描述的市場(chǎng)發(fā)展,許多制造企業(yè)采用的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略,基于其物流績(jī)效,其物流戰(zhàn)略成為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略。物流管理戰(zhàn)略有兩個(gè)主要任務(wù):制定物流戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo),物流和生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。這兩個(gè)任務(wù)的物流運(yùn)作管理的反響。的重要后勤目標(biāo)取決于其產(chǎn)品投放策略,即它是否滿足顧客的需求,從成品產(chǎn)品的商店或是否滿足具體的客戶訂單,直接從生產(chǎn)制造公司。因此,該公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)目標(biāo)和隨之而來(lái)的規(guī)劃和控制行動(dòng)有“高服務(wù)水平”和“低延遲交付”或“高送可靠性”和“短的交貨時(shí)間”,分別來(lái)自主要目標(biāo)。
產(chǎn)品交付策略也會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)制造公司的物流系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)造成影響,包括或遺漏銷售物流過(guò)程。在更詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)制造公司采購(gòu),生產(chǎn)和銷售物流的三個(gè)物流過(guò)程中,它的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)行跟隨物流參考模型的方案。這些模型通常提供一個(gè)可以選擇每個(gè)物流過(guò)程的設(shè)計(jì)模板的幾個(gè)流程模型。一個(gè)分析過(guò)程參考模型的開(kāi)發(fā),西門(mén)子關(guān)注的基礎(chǔ)是供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作參考模型推導(dǎo)了所謂制造企業(yè)的物流配置。這些配置的物流過(guò)程在物流職能時(shí)間中扮演一個(gè)主動(dòng)的部分。顯然,只有物流活動(dòng)過(guò)程追求明確的物流目標(biāo),完成物流計(jì)劃和控制行為,所以在制造企業(yè)的物流績(jī)效有影響。因此,公司的特定物流配置形態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)物流相互依賴關(guān)系。再說(shuō),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)決定了性能目標(biāo)的準(zhǔn)確操作、計(jì)劃、和控制行為的一致性必須實(shí)現(xiàn)。
工業(yè)企業(yè)物流決策是在物流相互依賴組織的基礎(chǔ)上的。為了確保分析的總體適用性,文章考慮到了股票組織配置。3、建模和分析物流之間的相互依賴
一般地分析模型是用來(lái)描述和分析物流的流程相之間互依賴關(guān)系的。這些模型往往缺乏清楚地建立物流績(jī)效指標(biāo)和、操作計(jì)劃、控制行為之間的關(guān)系過(guò)程是能夠采取的。此外,單獨(dú)物流流程之間的相互依賴是不全面考慮的。為克服這些缺點(diǎn),定性的影響模型能整體識(shí)別物流相互依賴內(nèi)跨進(jìn)程和邊界的編譯。這個(gè)模型是生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和物流研究所基于物流操作曲線理論研制的。這個(gè)理論包括的范圍是分析模型關(guān)于物流庫(kù)存和生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)行為。使用數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系的模型,這是可能建立物流相互關(guān)系在物流目標(biāo)和物流績(jī)效措施、參數(shù)之間是通過(guò)計(jì)劃和控制行為被控制的。3.1物流績(jī)效目標(biāo)的相互依賴
IFA開(kāi)發(fā)了兩套物流績(jī)效給生產(chǎn)和儲(chǔ)存流程。對(duì)于孤立的物流流程,一個(gè)關(guān)于績(jī)效之間的相互依賴的定性描述是有效的。作為一個(gè)拓展,圖表2展示三個(gè)制造公司物流流程的兩套績(jī)效的組合。至于分離的進(jìn)程,物流目標(biāo)能夠分配兩個(gè)方向的物流性能和物流成本。后者可以進(jìn)一步被分解成過(guò)程成本和庫(kù)存成本。
圖2:概述物流目標(biāo)之間的相互依賴關(guān)系
圖中還總結(jié)了定性分析的結(jié)果在國(guó)際米蘭的第一依賴關(guān)系進(jìn)行了演繹推理的方法。主要的觀點(diǎn)是三個(gè)方向?qū)?yīng)于彼此在所有三個(gè)物流流程的目標(biāo)。相反地,被發(fā)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)方向的物流性能和工藝成本以及過(guò)程成本和庫(kù)存成本之間存在明顯沖突。因此,圖表2加以類別強(qiáng)大通訊和強(qiáng)烈沖突目標(biāo)之間的相互關(guān)系。3.2計(jì)劃、控制行為和物流性能措施之間的相互關(guān)系
業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)劃和控制行動(dòng),對(duì)制造企業(yè)的物流績(jī)效的影響建模技術(shù)控制流程和物流績(jī)效管理之間通過(guò)一個(gè)比喻。因此,物流相互依存關(guān)系定性的影響與控制系統(tǒng)理論從已知的框圖模型所示。一個(gè)例子是如圖所示。3,適應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)物流過(guò)程中的影響模型[10]
定性的影響模型描繪了連接的物流績(jī)效措施的原因和效果鏈物流的計(jì)劃和控制行動(dòng),所謂的決定因素修改的參數(shù)。參照從圖的一個(gè)例子。3,生產(chǎn)物流過(guò)程的“吞吐量”和“利用”為藍(lán)本的性能措施作為控制變量“WIP水平”的功能。后者計(jì)算出作為兩個(gè)操縱變量“實(shí)際inpuf和”實(shí)際outpuf之間的差異。操縱變量的值又決定因素控制:實(shí)際投入的決定“發(fā)布實(shí)際工作內(nèi)容”和“實(shí)際發(fā)行日期”,實(shí)際輸出的決定“實(shí)際能力”和“能力提供
日期”。顯然,第一對(duì)的決定因素是參數(shù)化的部分的順序發(fā)布,而第二對(duì)依賴于能力控制決定。
圖表3:關(guān)于生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和管制的定性影響模型
對(duì)于采購(gòu)和配送物流過(guò)程的庫(kù)存管理,一個(gè)類似的影響模型已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了。此外,物流過(guò)程的連接變量已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)所以有因果關(guān)系的鏈擴(kuò)展過(guò)程超過(guò)可能被追蹤的界限。通過(guò)使用這些模型,物流能夠辨認(rèn)所有計(jì)劃和控制行為影響一個(gè)確定的執(zhí)行措施。反之亦然,他們可以通過(guò)確定的計(jì)劃和控制行為找到所有性能的措施是有影響的。3.3定性評(píng)價(jià)物流相互依賴關(guān)系
物流操作曲線理論不僅決定了結(jié)構(gòu)的上面給出的影響模型,IFA的專業(yè)知識(shí)在解釋定量模型理論也有助于一個(gè)定性的物流相互依賴關(guān)系評(píng)價(jià)。這個(gè)過(guò)程的結(jié)果在兩種類型的指南物流績(jī)效管理:指南的一致定義是物流目標(biāo)和方針目標(biāo)的識(shí)別物流規(guī)劃和控制行為。下面給出兩種示例類型:
制造企業(yè)的物流過(guò)程應(yīng)該共同追求相應(yīng)的目標(biāo)方向圖2所示。相反,結(jié)合目標(biāo)的追求從沖突的方向應(yīng)該被避免。
某些目標(biāo)的價(jià)值觀構(gòu)成的物流流程規(guī)劃值參數(shù)在其他進(jìn)程的設(shè)置值必須是一致的。一個(gè)物流過(guò)程的計(jì)劃和控制行為改善其物流績(jī)效,無(wú)論是在規(guī)模和響應(yīng)能力是最有效的。為提高物流績(jī)效,制造企業(yè)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)取向和規(guī)劃和控制的行動(dòng)在所有物流流程中是一致性的。這也是必不可少的很好實(shí)現(xiàn)物流成本水平較低的性能。計(jì)劃和控制動(dòng)作操縱程度和時(shí)間的投入和輸出的生產(chǎn)資源和商店是他們改善物流績(jī)效最有效的。
排序決策和專用容量調(diào)整是最有效的計(jì)劃和控制行為的角度f(wàn)i“單一客戶訂單在這樣的前提下,后勤工作人員負(fù)責(zé)遵循這些指導(dǎo)方針,制造企業(yè)可以確保應(yīng)用程序的物流績(jī)效管理實(shí)踐,都是一致的和有效的。4、使用定性模型為物流績(jī)效診斷
為了使制造企業(yè)能夠直接應(yīng)用定性影響模型和指導(dǎo)物流績(jī)效管理,IFA在他們的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)物流績(jī)效診斷程序和工具。
圖4
診斷程序和工具的應(yīng)用包括三個(gè)階段:績(jī)效考核,分析,診斷和治療的定義。在第一階段中,制造公司正在考慮收集性能數(shù)據(jù)。這有利于通過(guò)診斷工具的用戶界面的輸入部顯示在圖的頂部。一種交互式的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查提供了一種結(jié)構(gòu),用于在物流績(jī)效需要的信息。物流配置,目標(biāo)實(shí)際性能以及物流的計(jì)劃和控制的做法應(yīng)用被記錄下來(lái)。在這個(gè)階段,物流績(jī)效赤字變得顯而易見(jiàn)。
在第二階段中,性能數(shù)據(jù)使用的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的分析診斷軟件工具。系統(tǒng)的診斷程序確定的原因的物流績(jī)效財(cái)政赤字。常規(guī)識(shí)別物流目標(biāo)不一致的地方,以及物流績(jī)效措施之間的不一致及物流的計(jì)劃和控制行動(dòng)。診斷還指出情況下,應(yīng)用的規(guī)劃和控制措施不最大限度地發(fā)揮物流性能。在第三階段,利用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中包含的治療規(guī)則,以確保物流管理的做法,確定行動(dòng)的一致性當(dāng)前的物流性能改善。物流績(jī)效的原因赤字和行動(dòng)的建議所強(qiáng)調(diào)的改善的報(bào)道,可以通過(guò)在用戶界面的訪問(wèn)(參見(jiàn)圖4中的頂部)。5、結(jié)論
定性影響物流模式,本文提出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的手段,以確保物流績(jī)效為基礎(chǔ)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略和業(yè)務(wù)的物流績(jī)效管理的一致性。最重要的是,模型幫助制造企業(yè)識(shí)別那些業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃和控制行動(dòng),使他們能夠有效地提高特定的物流績(jī)效措施。事實(shí)上,該模型考慮物流過(guò)程之間的相互關(guān)系-以及那些在流程內(nèi)-是一個(gè)額外的好處。因此,一致的戰(zhàn)略和運(yùn)營(yíng)的物流管理是促進(jìn)制造公司的所有物流過(guò)程。
超越目前的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,影響的定性模型的兩個(gè)重要的改進(jìn)是可能的。首先,生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中可能會(huì)被分解成制造和裝配過(guò)程的組合與可變數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)階段和轉(zhuǎn)移客戶訂單解耦點(diǎn)[6,11]。定性模型的發(fā)展和分析應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)得到的更詳細(xì)的制造公司的物流配置。二,定性模型可作為發(fā)展的額外定量物流模型的基礎(chǔ)。例如,建立和驗(yàn)證業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)劃和控制參數(shù)和物流績(jī)效措施之間的數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系,擴(kuò)大物流工作曲線的理論是可行的。
EnsuringtheConsistencyofCompetitiveStrategyand
LogisticPerformanceManagement
GregorvonCieminskiandPeterNyhuisInstituteofProductionSystemsandLogistics(IFA),GottfriedWilhelmLeibnizUniversitatHannover,AnderUniversitat2,D-30823Garbsen,GermanyEmail:{cieminski,nyhuis}@ifa.uni-hannover.de
Abstract
Manufacturingcompaniesoftenmerelyattainreducedlevelsoflogisticperformanceduetoinconsistenciesbetweentheirlogisticobjectives,logisticperformancetargetsandlogisticperformancemanagementactions.Qualitativeinfluencemodelsrepresenttheinter-dependenciesbetweenthesefactorsontwolevels:firstlybetweenlogisticobjectives,secondlybetweenlogisticperfomiancemeasuresandlogisticplanningandcontrolparameters.Expertknowledgegainedfrommodellingthedynamicbehaviouroflogisticsystemsfacilitatestheinterpretationandevaluationofthequalitativeinfluencemodels.Onthisbasis,consistentlogisticobjectivescanbedefinedandobjective-orientedplanningandcontrolactionscanbeidentified.Themodellinginsightsareintegratedintoalogisticperformancediagnosisprocedureandtoolthatimprovelogisticians"understandingoftheconsequencesoftheirmanagementdecisionsandenhancetheclosed-loopmanagementoflogisticperformance.Keywords
Logisticperformance,performancemanagement,qualitativemodel1Introduction
Manufacturingcompaniescompetewitheachotherintermsofproductfunctionality,productandserviceflexibility,price,productqualityandlogisticperformance[1].Competitiveadvantagesintermsofthefirsttwofactorsoriginatefromthesuperiorstrategicdesignofproductsorproductionsystems,respectively.Advantagesintermsofthelatterthreefactorsfirstlyrequirethesettingofadequatestrategicobjectives.Secondly,theyalsodependonsuperioroperationalperformance.Inordertoattaintheperformancelevelsrequired,manufacturingcompanieshavetoensurethattheirPleaseusethefollowingformatwhencitingthischapter:competitivestrategiesandtheiroperationalperformancemanagementactionsareconsistent[2].Thisespeciallyappliestothecontextoflogisticperformance:Wiendahletal.[3]nameinconsistenciesbetweenlogisticperformanceobjectivesandoperationalplanningandcontrolparametersasoneoftherootcausesoflogisticperformancedeficits.Aslogisticperformancehasbecomeanimportantcustomerpurchasecriterion[4]anddevelopedintoaprovensuccessfactorformanufacturingcompanies[5],thecompanieshavetobeequippedwithperformancemanagementapproachesthatsupporttheminavoidingtheseinconsistencies.
Asasolution,thispaperproposesqualitativelogisticinfluencemodelsandanapproachforlogisticperformancediagnosis.Itfirstprovidesageneraloverviewoftheconsequencesthatstrategiclogisticsmanagementdecisionshaveforoperationallogisticperformancemanagement.Second,itintroducestwotypesofqualitativeinfluencemodelsthatrepresenttheinter-dependenciesbetweenlogisticobjectivesaswellasbetweenlogisticperformancemeasuresandlogisticplanningandcontrolparameters.Generalinsightsgainedfromtheinterpretationandevaluationofthesemodelsaresummarised.Third,aspracticalapplicationsoftheinfluencemodels,thepaperpresentsadiagnosticprocedureandsoftwaretoolforfactorsaffectingtheoperationallogisticperformanceofmanufacturingcompanies.2LinkingStrategicandOperationalLogisticsManagement
Giventhemarketdevelopmentsdescribedinsection1,manymanufacturingcompaniesadoptcompetitivestrategiesbasedontheirlogisticperformance;theirlogisticstrategiesbecomecompetitivestrategies.Strategiclogisticsmanagementhastwomaintasks:theformulationofstrategiclogisticobjectivesandthedesignoflogisticandproductionsystems.Bothofthesetaskshaverepercussionsforoperationallogisticsmanagement.Theprimarylogisticobjectivesofamanufacturingcompanydependonitsproduct-deliverystrategy,i.e.whetheritsatisfiescustomerdemandsfromafinished-productsstoreorwhetheritfulfilsspecificcustomerordersdirectlyfromproduction.Accordingly,thecompany"soperationalperformanceobjectivesandtheensuingplanningandcontrolactionshavetobederivedfromtheprimaryobjectives"highservicelevel"and"lowdeliverydelay"or"highdeliveryreliability"and"shortleadtimes",respectively.
Theproduct-deliverystrategyalsoinfluencesadesignaspectofmanufacturingcompanies"logisticsystems:theinclusionoromissionofthedistribution-logisticsprocess.Inthemoredetaileddesignofthethreelogisticprocessesofmanufacturingcompanies-procurement,productionanddistributionlogistics-itisstandardpracticetofollowtheprescriptionsoflogisticreferencemodels.Thesemodelstypicallyprovideachoiceofseveralprocessmodelsasdesigntemplatesforeachofthelogisticprocesses.AnanalysisoftheprocessreferencemodelsdevelopedbytheSiemensconcern[6]onthebasisofthesupply-chainoperationsreferencemodel[7]ledtothederivationofso-calledlogisticconfigurationsofmanufacturingcompanies[8](seefig.laandlb).Theseconfigurationsindicatethoselogisticprocessesthatplayanactivepartinthefulfilmentofthelogisticsfunction.Obviously,onlylogistically-activeprocessespursueexplicitlogisticobjectives,carryoutlogisticplanningandcontrolactions,andthereforehaveanimpactonthelogisticperformanceofamanufacturingcompany.Hence,thespecificlogisticconfigurationofacompanyshapesthebasicstructureoftherelevantlogisticinter-dependencies(seefig.Id).Inturn,thisstructuredeterminestheexactoperationalperformanceobjectivesandplanningandcontrolactionswhoseconsistencyhastobeachieved.
Fig.1.Configurationsofindustrial-enterpriselogisticsdetenninethebasicstructureofthelogisticinter-dependencies
Toensurethegeneralapplicabilityoftheanalysis,thispaperconsidersa"make-to-stock"configuration,inwhichallprocessesaffectthelogisticperformance.3ModellingandAnalysingLogisticInter-dependencies
Generally,analyticalmodelsoflogisticprocessesareusedtodescribeandanalyselogisticinter-dependencies.Thesemodelsoftenfallshortofclearlyestablishingtherelationshipsbetweenlogisticperformancemeasuresandtheoperationalplanningandcontrolactionsthatthelogisticprocessescantake.Moreover,inter-dependenciesbetweenseparatelogisticprocessesarenotcomprehensivelytakenintoaccount.Toovercometheseshortcomings,qualitativeinfluencemodelsthatholisticallyidentifylogisticinter-dependencieswithinandacrossprocessboundarieswerecompiled[8].ThemodelsarebasedontheTheoryofLogisticOperatingCurvesdevelopedattheInstituteofProductionSystemsandLogistics(IFA)[9].Thistheoryincludesarangeofanalyticalmodelsofthelogisticbehaviourofinventoriesandproductionsystems.Usingthemathematicalrelationshipsofthemodels,itispossibletoestablishlogisticinter-dependenciesontwolevels-betweenlogisticobjectives(seesection3.1)andbetweenlogisticperformancemeasuresandparametersthataremanipulatedthroughplanningandcontrolactions(seesection3.2).
3.1Inter-dependenciesbetweenLogisticPerformanceObjectives
IFAhasdevelopedsetsoflogisticobjectivesforbothproductionandstorageprocesses.Forisolatedlogisticprocesses,aqualitativecharacterisationoftheinter-dependenciesbetweentheobjectivesisavailable[9].Asanextension,fig.2showsthecombinationofthesetsofobjectivesofthethreelogisticprocessesofmanufacturingcompanies.Asfortheseparateprocesses,thelogisticobjectivescanbeassignedtothetwodirectionslogisticperformanceandlogisticcosts.Thelattercanfurtherbedifferentiatedintoprocesscostsandinventorycosts.
Fig.2.Overviewofinter-dependenciesbetweenlogisticobjectives
Thefigurealsosummarisestheresultsofafirstqualitativeanalysisoftheinter-dependenciescarriedoutbymeansofdeductivereasoning.Themaininsightwasthattheobjectivesofeachofthethreedirectionscorrespondtoeachotheracrossallthreelogisticprocesses.Conversely,markedconflictswerefoundtoexistbetweentheobjectivesofthedirectionslogisticperformanceandprocesscostsaswellasprocesscostsandinventorycosts.Accordingly,fig.2categorisestheinter-dependenciesbetweentheobjectivesintostrongcorrespondencesandstrongconflicts.(Moredetailedresultsoftheanalysisareprovidedin[8].)
3.2Inter-dependenciesbetweenPlanningandControlActionsandLogisticPerformanceMeasures
Theeffectsofoperationalplanningandcontrolactionsonthelogisticperformanceofmanufacturingcompaniesaremodelledthroughananalogybetweentechnicalcontrolprocessesandlogisticperformancemanagement.Accordingly,logisticinter-dependenciesareillustratedinqualitativeinfluencemodelsthatarecomparabletotheblockdiagramsknownfromcontrol-systemstheory.Anexampleisshowninfig.3,theinfluencemodeloftheproduction-logisticsprocessadaptedfrom[10],
Thequalitativeinfluencemodelsdepictthecause-and-effectchainslinkingthelogisticperformancemeasurestotheparametersmodifiedbylogisticplanningandcontrolactions,theso-calleddeterminants.Referringtoanexamplefromfig.3,theperformancemeasuresofproduction-logisticsprocesses"throughputtime"and"utilisation"aremodelledasfunctionsofthecontrolledvariable"WIPlevel".Thelatteriscalculatedasthedifferencebetweenthetwomanipulatedvariables"actualinpufand"actualoutpuf.Thevaluesofthemanipulatedvariablesareinturncontrolledbydeterminants:theactualinputbythedeterminants"actualworkcontentreleased"and"actualreleasedate",theactualoutputbythedeterminants"actualcapacityprovided"and"dateofcapacityprovision".Obviously,thefirstpairofdeterminantsisparameterisedaspartoftheorderrelease,whilethesecondpairdependsoncapacity-controldecisions.
Fig.3.Qualitativeinfluencemodelofproductionplanningandcontrol(adaptedfrom[10])
Fortheinventorymanagementofprocurementanddistributionlogisticsprocesses,asimilarinfluencemodelhasbeendeveloped.Additionally,thecouplingvariablesofthelogisticprocesseshavebeenidentifiedsothatcause-and-effectchainsthatextendacrossprocessboundariesmaybetracedaswell.Throughtheuseofthesemodels,logisticianscanidentifyallplanningandcontrolactionsaffectingacertainperformancemeasure.Viceversa,theycanlocateallperformancemeasuresthatareaffectedbyacertainplanningandcontrolaction.3.3QualitativeEvaluationofLogisticInter-dependencies
TheTheoryofLogisticOperatingCurvesnotonlydeterminesthestructureofthequahtativeinfluencemodelspresentedabove.IFA"sexpertiseintheinterpretationofthequantitativemodelsofthetheoryalsofacilitatesaqualitativeevaluationofthelogisticinter-dependencies[8].Thisprocessresultsintwotypesofguidelinesforlogisticperformancemanagement:guidelinesfortheconsistentdefinitionoflogisticobjectivesandguidelinesfortheidentificationofobjective-orientedlogisticplanningandcontrolactions.Examplesforbothtypesaregivenbelow:
Thelogisticprocessesofmanufacturingcompaniesshouldjointlypursuecorrespondingobjectivesinthedirectionsshowninfig.2.Conversely,thecombinedpursuitofobjectivesfromconflictingdirectionsshouldbeavoided.
Certaintargetvaluesoflogisticprocessesconstitutevaluesofplanningparametersinotherprocesses.Thevaluesettingsforbothhavetobeconsistent.
Alogisticprocess"sownplanningandcontrolactionsaremosteffectiveforimprovingitslogisticperformance,bothinmagnitudeandresponsiveness.
Formaximizinglogisticperformance,manufacturingcompanieshavetoachieveobjective-orientationandconsistencyofplanningandcontrolactionsacrossalllogisticprocesses.Thisisalsoessentialforachievingverygoodperformancelevelsatlowlogisticcosts.
Planningandcontrolactionsmanipulatingthemagnitudeandtimingofinputsandoutputsofproductionresourcesandstoresaremosteffectiveinimprovingtheirlogisticperformance.Sequencingdecisionsanddedicatedcapacityadjustmentsarethemosteffectiveplanningandcontrolactionsfi"omtheperspectiveofsinglecustomerorders.
Onthepremisethatthelogisticiansresponsibleadheretotheseguidelines,manufacturingcompaniescanensuretheapplicationoflogisticperformancemanagementpracticesthatarebothconsistentandeffective.
4UsingQualitativeModelsforLogisticPerformanceDiagnosis
Inorderformanufacturingcompaniestobeabletodirectlyapplythequalitativeinfluencemodelsandtheguidelinesforlogisticperformancemanagement,IFAdevelopedalogisticperformancediagnosisprocedureandtoolontheirbasis.
Aknowledgebasecontainingtheinsightsgainedfrommodellingandanalyzingthelogisticinter-dependenciesliesatthecoreofthediagnosticprocedure.Ontheonehand,thisencompassestheunderlyingstructureofthelogisticinter-dependencies.Forexample,thecause-and-effectchainsleadingfromthelogisticperformancemeasure"throughputtime"viathecorrespondingcontrolledandmanipulatedvariablestodeterminantssuchas"actualcapacityprovided"or"dateofcapacityprovision"arerepresented(seefig.3).Ontheotherhand,theknowledgebaseincludestheguidelinesforlogisticperformancemeasurementandotherresultsoftheevaluationoftheinter-dependencies.Thesearerepresentedbylogicalstatementssuchas:"Theactualcapacityprovidedisthesecondmosteffectivedeterminanttoinfluencetheperformancemeasuredeliveryreliability."
Inthediagnostictool,thecontentsofknowledgebasearetranslatedintorelationaldatabases.Theirdevelopmentandmaintenanceisfacilitatedthroughtheexpertinterfaceshownatthebottomoffig.4.Logisticsexpertsareabletomodifythestructureofthedatabasesandtoenternewinformationintothedatabasetables.
Fig.4.Structureofthediagnosticsoftwareprototype
Theapplicationofthediagnosticprocedureandtoolcomprisesthreephases:performanceappraisal,diagnosticanalysisandtherapydefinition.Inthefirstphase,performancedataofthemanufacturingcompanyunderconsiderationarecollected.Thisisfacilitatedthroughtheinputsectionoftheuserinterfaceofthediagnostictoolshownatthetopoffig.4.Aninteractivequestionnaireprovidesastructurefortherequiredinformationonthelogisticperformance.Thelogisticconfiguration,targetandactualperformancevaluesaswellasthelogisticplanningandcontrolpracticesappliedarerecorded.Atthisstage,logisticperformancedeficitsbecomeapparent.
Inthesecondphase,theperformancedataareanalysedusingthedatabasesofthediagnosticsoftwaretool.Adiagnosticroutinesystematicallydeterminesthecausesoflogisticperformancedeficits.Theroutineidentifiesinconsistenciesbetweenlogisticobjectivesaswellasinconsistenciesbetweenlogisticperformancemeasuresandlogisticplanningandcontrolactions.Thediagnosisalsopointsoutinstances,inwhichtheplanningandcontrolpracticesapplieddonotmaximiselogisticperformance.
Inthethirdphase,therapyrulescontainedinthedatabaseareutilisedtoensuretheconsistencyoflogisticsmanagementpracticesbydefiningactionsforimprovementofthecurrentlogisticperformance.Thecausesoflogisticperformancedeficitsandtherecommendationsofactionsforimprovementarehighlightedbyreportswhichcanbyaccessedthroughtheuserinterface(seetopoffig.4).5Conclusions
Thequalitativelogisticinfluencemodelspresentedinthispaperareapracticalmeanstoensuretheconsistencyoflogisticperformance-basedcompetitivestrategiesandoperationallogisticperformancemanagement.Mostimportantly,themodelshelpmanufacturingcompaniesidentifythoseoperationalplanningandcontrolactions,withwhichtheycaneffectivelyimprovespecificlogisticperformancemeasures.Thefactthatthemodelsconsiderinter-dependenciesbetweenlogisticprocesses-aswellasthosewithintheprocesses-isanaddedadvantage.Thus,consistentstrategicandoperationallogisticsmanagementisfacilitatedacrossalllogisticprocessesofamanufacturingcompany.
Transcendingthecurrentstateofdevelopment,twoimportantenhancementsofthequalitativeinfluencemodelsarepossible.First,theproductionprocessesmaybedisaggregatedintocombinationsoffabricationandassemblyprocesseswithvariablenumbersofproductionstagesandshiftingcustomer-orderdecouplingpoints[6,11].Thedevelopmentandanalysisofthequalitativemodelsshouldbeextendedtotheresultingmoredetailedlogisticconfigurationsofmanufacturingcompanies.Second,thequalitativemodelsmayserveasabasisforthedevelopmentofadditionalquantitativelogisticmodels.Forexample,itisfeasibletoextendtheTheoryofLogisticOperatingCurvesbyestablishingandverifyingthemathematicalrelationshipsbetweentheoperationalplanningandcontrolparametersandthelogisticperformancemeasures.References
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